Localization and Topological Properties of SU(3) Fermions in non-Abelian Gauge Fields: Color-Orbit Coupling and Color-Flip Fields
The interplay between disorder, gauge fields, and internal degrees of freedom fundamentally affects localization and topological properties of quantum many-body systems. Motivated by recent experimental realizations of synthetic non-Abelian gauge fields for SU(3) colored fermions, we investigate their localization and topological properties in 1D bichromatic optical lattices consisting of strong and weak laser beams. Describing the non-Abelian gauge field via color-orbit coupling and color-flip (Rabi) fields, we obtain a tight-binding description of trapped SU(3) colored fermions corresponding to a generalized three-color Aubry-Andr\'e model. We show that these fields explicitly break the conventional self-duality of a simple three-color Aubry-Andr\'e system. This duality breaking generates mobility regions across the energy spectrum, demonstrating that non-Abelian fields can either enhance or hinder color localization. Using exact diagonalization, density-of-states evaluations, and finite-size scaling of the inverse participation ratio, we obtain phase diagrams that identify regions of extended or localized bulk states. Furthermore, the color-orbit and Rabi fields induce edge states with topological properties. We develop an exact mapping from our 1D disorder model into a 2D color Harper model with a fictitious magnetic flux ratio and dimension controlled by the weak laser beam's phase. Using this mapping, we evaluate topological invariants, such as the charge-charge Chern number, for edge states emerging in energy gaps, revealing the topological insulating nature of several gapped phases. Lastly, we identify that these topological color-insulator phases can energetically neighbor three configurations: two extended, two localized, or one of each. This sharply contrasts with conventional topological insulators, which always neighbor two extended phases.