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Bart Staels

Publications and source records attributed to Bart Staels.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

A Pre-Main Sequence Binary Viewed Through its Circumbinary Disk: A New Phase for KH 15D

The binary T Tauri system, KH 15D, is poised to provide unprecedented detail of gas and ices located between $\sim$3-5 AU of its circumbinary disk over the next few years. We analyze for the first time a complete set of ground-based time series photometry of the KH 15D system for which the 2022 October - 2025 April data have never been presented. By combining the latest $I$-band data with historical measurements, we show that the era of large amplitude photometric variability has ended. We define a revised photometric period of $P$ = 48.365 $\pm$ 0.005 days, which accurately phases data over a time span of seventy-five years. We adopt magnitudes and colors for the stars that define the epochs when either star A (1995-2008) or star B (2010-2012) is the primary source of the out-of-eclipse brightness of the system. We determine for the first time the effective optical depth for the system between 2002 and 2025 assuming gray extinction. The current out-of-eclipse system color is consistent with a combination of the light from both stars, supporting the previously suggested model in which the trailing edge of the circumbinary disk is more transparent than the leading edge. We continue to see evidence for ``clumps'' and variable transparency along ingress and egress when the stars are probing the occulting material and suggest that observations made during these phases should permit studies of the physical and chemical nature of the planet-forming zone with the circumbinary disk.

astro-ph.SR

The 2022-2023 accretion outburst of the young star V1741 Sgr

V1741 Sgr (= SPICY 71482/Gaia22dtk) is a Classical T Tauri star on the outskirts of the Lagoon Nebula. After at least a decade of stability, in mid-2022, the optical source brightened by ~3 mag over two months, remained bright until early 2023, then dimmed erratically over the next four months. This event was monitored with optical and infrared spectroscopy and photometry. Spectra from the peak (October 2022) indicate an EX Lup-type (EXor) accretion outburst, with strong emission from H I, He I, and Ca II lines and CO bands. At this stage, spectroscopic absorption features indicated a temperature of T ~ 4750 K with low-gravity lines (e.g., Ba II and Sr II). By April 2023, with the outburst beginning to dim, strong TiO absorption appeared, indicating a cooler T ~ 3600 K temperature. However, once the source had returned to its pre-outburst flux in August 2023, the TiO absorption and the CO emission disappeared. When the star went into outburst, the source's spectral energy distribution became flatter, leading to bluer colours at wavelengths shorter than ~1.6 microns and redder colours at longer wavelengths. The brightening requires a continuum emitting area larger than the stellar surface, likely from optically thick circumstellar gas with cooler surface layers producing the absorption features. Additional contributions to the outburst spectrum may include blue excess from hotspots on the stellar surface, emission lines from diffuse gas, and reprocessed emission from the dust disc. Cooling of the circumstellar gas would explain the appearance of TiO, which subsequently disappeared once this gas had faded and the stellar spectrum reemerged.

astro-ph.SR

Increased hepatic PDGF-AA signaling mediates liver insulin resistance in obesity associated type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is closely linked with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance, but the involved mechanisms are still elusive. Using DNA methylome and transcriptome analyses of livers from obese individuals, we found that both hypomethylation at a CpG site in PDGFA (encoding platelet derived growth factor alpha) and PDGFA overexpression are associated with increased T2D risk, hyperinsulinemia, increased insulin resistance and increased steatohepatitis risk. Both genetic risk score studies and human cell modeling pointed to a causative impact of high insulin levels on PDGFA CpG site hypomethylation, PDGFA overexpression, and increased PDGF-AA secretion from liver. We found that PDGF-AA secretion further stimulates its own expression through protein kinase C activity and contributes to insulin resistance through decreased expression of both insulin receptor substrate 1 and of insulin receptor. Importantly, hepatocyte insulin sensitivity can be restored by PDGF-AA blocking antibodies, PDGF receptor inhibitors and by metformin opening therapeutic avenues. Conclusion: Therefore, in the liver of obese patients with T2D, the increased PDGF-AA signaling contributes to insulin resistance, opening new therapeutic avenues against T2D and NAFLD.

q-bio.CB

Z Cam Stars in the Twenty-First Century

Z Cam stars are a small subset of dwarf novae that exhibit standstills in their light curves. Most modern literature and catalogs of cataclysmic variables quote the number of known Z Cams to be on the order of 30 or so systems. After a four-year observing campaign and an exhaustive examination of the data in the AAVSO International Database we have trimmed that number by a third. One of the reasons for the misclassification of some systems is the fact that the definition of what a Z Cam is has changed over the last 85 years to what it is today. This has caused many stars formerly assumed to be Z Cams or rumored to be Z Cams to be eliminated from the final list. In this paper we present the results of our investigation into 65 stars listed at one time or another in the literature as Z Cams or possible Z Cams.

astro-ph.SR

Survey of Period Variations of Superhumps in SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae. V: The Fifth Year (2012-2013)

Continuing the project described by Kato et al. (2009a, arXiv:0905.1757), we collected times of superhump maxima for SU UMa-type dwarf novae mainly observed during the 2012-2013 season. We found three objects (V444 Peg, CSS J203937 and MASTER J212624) having strongly positive period derivatives despite the long orbital period (Porb). By using the period of growing stage (stage A) superhumps, we obtained mass ratios for six objects. We characterized nine new WZ Sge-type dwarf novae. We made a pilot survey of the decline rate of slowly fading part of SU UMa-type and WZ Sge-type outbursts. The decline time scale was found to generally follow the expected Porb^(1/4) dependence and WZ Sge-type outbursts also generally follow this trend. There are some objects which show slower decline rates, and we consider these objects good candidates for period bouncers. We also studied unusual behavior in some objects, including BK Lyn which made a transition from an ER UMa-type state to the novalike (standstill) state in 2013 and unusually frequent occurrence of superoutbursts in NY Ser and CR Boo. We applied least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) power spectral analysis, which has been proven to be very effective in analyzing the Kepler data, to ground-based photometry of BK Lyn and detected the dramatic disappearance of the signal of negative superhumps in 2013. We suggested that the mass-transfer rates did not vary strongly between the ER UMa-type state and novalike state in BK Lyn, and this transition was less likely caused by a systematic variation of the mass-transfer rate.

astro-ph.SR

Survey of Period Variations of Superhumps in SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae. III: The Third Year (2010--2011)

Continuing the project described by Kato et al. (2009, PASJ 61, S395, arXiv:0905.1757), we collected times of superhump maxima for 51 SU UMa-type dwarf novae mainly observed during the 2010-2011 season. Although most of the new data for systems with short superhump periods basically confirmed the findings by Kato et al. (2009) and Kato et al. (2010, PASJ 62, 1525, arXiv:1009.5444), the long-period system GX Cas showed an exceptionally large positive period derivative. An analysis of public Kepler data of V344 Lyr and V1504 Cyg yielded less striking stage transitions. In V344 Lyr, there was prominent secondary component growing during the late stage of superoutbursts, and the component persisted at least for two more cycles of successive normal outbursts. We also investigated the superoutbursts of two conspicuous eclipsing objects: HT Cas and the WZ Sge-type object SDSS J080434.20+510349.2. Strong beat phenomena were detected in both objects, and late-stage superhumps in the latter object had an almost constant luminosity during the repeated rebrightenings. The WZ Sge-type object SDSS J133941.11+484727.5 showed a phase reversal around the rapid fading from the superoutburst. The object showed a prominent beat phenomenon even after the end of the superoutburst. A pilot study of superhump amplitudes indicated that the amplitudes of superhumps are strongly correlated with orbital periods, and the dependence on the inclination is weak in systems with inclinations smaller than 80 deg.

astro-ph.SR

Superhumps and grazing eclipses in the dwarf nova BG Arietis

We report unfiltered photometry of BG Arietis (= SDSS J015151.87+140047.2) in 2009 and 2010 which shows the presence of superhumps with peak-to-peak amplitude of up to 0.36 magnitudes showing this to be an SU UMa type dwarf nova. The outburst amplitude was 5.1 magnitudes above a mean quiescence magnitude of 19.9. The 2010 event lasted at least 20 days during which we observed a precursor outburst which was immediately followed by a superoutburst. Modulations were observed during the rise to superoutburst with a period approximately half Porb. The mean superhump period during the plateau phase was Psh = 0.0849(6) d, representing a superhump period excess epsilon = 0.030(7). We also observed small eclipses of depth 0.06 to 0.13 magnitude and FWHM duration of ~12 mins (ΔΦ1/2 = 0.10), which we interpret as grazing eclipses of the accretion disc. The 2009 superoutburst was less well observed, especially in the early stages, so we cannot tell whether there was a precursor outburst. The mean superhump period during the plateau was Psh = 0.0851(4) d, but towards the end of the plateau it suddenly decreased to Psh = 0.0845(11) d. Small eclipses were also observed.

astro-ph.SR

The outburst of V713 Cephei in August 2009

During the outburst of V713 Cephei in August 2009 the times of 8 eclipses were measured and these, together with 5 eclipse timings obtained during quiescence in August 2007, provide an improved orbital period of 0.085418432(4)d. No superhumps were observed in the light curve indicating this was a normal UG-type dwarf nova outburst. We found the eclipse depth decreased linearly with rising system excitation level, falling from ~3 magnitudes in quiescence to ~2 magnitudes during outburst. The depth and totality of eclipses in quiescence suggests a high orbital inclination. We saw no variation in the FWHM of eclipses between quiescence and outburst despite a significant change in shape of the eclipse profile.

astro-ph.SR

Survey of Period Variations of Superhumps in SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae. II: The Second Year (2009-2010)

As an extension of the project in Kato et al. (2009, arXiv:0905.1757), we collected times of superhump maxima for 61 SU UMa-type dwarf novae mainly observed during the 2009-2010 season. The newly obtained data confirmed the basic findings reported in Kato et al. (2009): the presence of stages A-C, as well as the predominance of positive period derivatives during stage B in systems with superhump periods shorter than 0.07 d. There was a systematic difference in period derivatives for systems with superhump periods longer than 0.075 d between this study and Kato et al. (2009). We suggest that this difference is possibly caused by the relative lack of frequently outbursting SU UMa-type dwarf novae in this period regime in the present study. We recorded a strong beat phenomenon during the 2009 superoutburst of IY UMa. The close correlation between the beat period and superhump period suggests that the changing angular velocity of the apsidal motion of the elliptical disk is responsible for the variation of superhump periods. We also described three new WZ Sge-type objects with established early superhumps and one with likely early superhumps. We also suggest that two systems, VX For and EL UMa, are WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with multiple rebrightenings. The O-C variation in OT J213806.6+261957 suggests that the frequent absence of rebrightenings in very short-Porb objects can be a result of sustained superoutburst plateau at the epoch when usual SU UMa-type dwarf novae return to quiescence preceding a rebrightening. We also present a formulation for a variety of Bayesian extension to traditional period analyses.

astro-ph.SR

Precursor outbursts and superoutbursts in the SU UMa-type dwarf nova NN Camelopardalis

We report photometry of three outbursts of NN Cam in 2007, 2008 and 2009. The 2007 event started with a normal outburst, lasting about 4 days, which was a precursor to a superoutburst lasting at least 13 days. Both the precursor and the superoutburst had an amplitude of 4.9 mag above mean quiescence. Superhumps with a maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of 0.22 mag were detected during the superoutburst with a mean superhump period Psh = 0.07385(56) d. Psh decreased continuously with dPsh /dt = -1.72(23) x 10-3. We used our measurement to confirm that the shorter of two possible values of Porb reported by another researcher is the correct one, Porb = 0.0717 d. The 2008 outburst was rather poorly observed, although we present evidence that this too may have been a superoutburst. The 2009 event was also a superoutburst, with Psh = 0.07414(44) d, but we could find no evidence for a precursor. From the 2007 and 2009 data, we report a superhump period excess of epsilon = 0.030(8) to 0.034(6), which is typical for SU UMa dwarf novae of similar orbital period, and estimate the binary mass ratio q = Mwd/Msec $\simeq$ 0.11 to 0.17

astro-ph.SR

Outburst characteristics of the dwarf nova SDSS J073208.11+413008.7

We report unfiltered photometry during the first confirmed superoutburst of the recently discovered dwarf nova, SDSS J073208.11+413008.7 and conclude that it is a member of the SU UMa family. At its brightest, the star was magnitude 15.7. The outburst amplitude was nearly 5 magnitudes and it lasted about 14 days. We determined the mean superhump period from our first 3 nights of observations as Psh = 0.07979(19) d, however analysis of the O-C residuals showed a dramatic evolution in Psh during the outburst. During the first part of the plateau phase the period increased with dPsh/dt = +2.81(9) x 10-3. There was then an abrupt change following which the period decreased with dPsh/dt = -0.78(12)x 10-3.The amplitude of the superhumps also varied, with a maximum amplitude near the beginning of the outburst and a second maximum later in the plateau phase. Analysis of archival data suggests that the star undergoes frequent outbursts: we identified 10 normal outbursts and at least 3 likely superoutbursts over a 4.5 year interval. We estimate that the superoutburst period is around 215 days.

astro-ph.SR

Discovery and outburst characteristics of the dwarf nova ASAS J224349+0809.5

We report the discovery of a new dwarf nova and our observations of its first confirmed superoutburst during 2009 October. The outburst amplitude was 6 magnitudes. The main outburst lasted 17 days and was followed 4 days later by a remarkable rebrightening. Superhumps were present during the main outburst, which confirms that it belongs to the SU UMa family. Initially the mean superhump period was Psh = 0.06965(17) d, but analysis of the O-C residuals showed a dramatic evolution in Psh during the outburst. During the first two-thirds of the plateau phase the period increased with dPsh/dt = +1.24(5) x 10-3. There was then an abrupt change following which the period decreased with dPsh/dt = -1.01(9) x 10-3. The amplitude of the superhumps also varied, with a maximum amplitude near the beginning of the outburst and a second maximum corresponding to the discontinuity in Psh. Analysis of archival data showed outbursts also occurred in October 2005, June 2006 and June 2007. Assuming that the superoutbursts are periodic, we estimate that the outburst period is around 450 days.

astro-ph.SR

VSX J003909.7+611233: a new Slowly Pulsating B star (SPB) in Cassiopeia?

We report the discovery of a new 13th magnitude variable in Cassiopeia close to the variable KP Cas. Analysis of 6 days of intensive photometry shows a regular, near sinusoidal modulation with an amplitude of 0.024 magnitudes and a period of 0.43815(31) d. Although its colour indicates a spectral type around F0 the star probably suffers up to 2 - 2.5 magnitudes of extinction so could be an A- or B-type star. Given the period, the low amplitude, the shape of the light curve and the probable spectral type we consider it most likely to be a slowly pulsating B-type (SPB) star. The variable has been registered in the International Variable Star Index with the identifier VSX J003909.7+611233.

astro-ph.SR

Superoutbursts of the SU UMa-type dwarf nova CP Draconis

Analysis of observations of the SU UMa-type dwarf nova, CP Dra, between February 2001 and April 2009 has revealed 15 outbursts, at least eight of which were superoutbursts. The supercycle length is 230+/-56 d. We report photometry of the 2001 and 2009 superoutbursts which shows that they were remarkably similar to each other in terms of the profile of the outburst light curve and the evolution of the superhumps. The outburst amplitude was 5.5 magnitudes and the Psh during the plateau phase was measured at 0.08335(31) and 0.08343(21) d, respectively. In both cases, Psh decreased during the course of the outburst and there is some evidence that there was an abrupt change corresponding to the point in the plateau where a slow fade begins. The 2001 superoutburst was caught during the rise to maximum and during this period we found that the Psh was significantly longer than during the subsequent stages. Superhumps of 0.3 magnitude peak-to-peak amplitude were present at the height of each outburst and these gradually diminished during the outburst. We also report photometry from the 2002 superoutburst, although coverage was not so extensive, which revealed Psh = 0.08348(32) d consistent with the other two superoutbursts. Analysis of time resolved photometry from the 2009 outburst revealed evidence for an orbital period of 0.08084(86) d, giving a fractional superhump period excess epsilon = 0.032(3) d.

astro-ph.SR

CCD photometry of the first observed superoutburst of KP Cassiopeiae in 2008 October

We report CCD photometry and analysis of the first observed superoutburst of the SU UMa-type dwarf nova KP Cassiopeiae during 2008 October. We observed a distinct shortening of the superhump period at superhump cycle 15. Before that point Psh was 0.08556(3) d and afterwards it evolved from 0.08517(2) d to 0.08544(3) d with a rate of period change dPsh/dt = 3.2(2) * 10-5. We measured the likely orbital period as 0.0814(4) d placing KP Cas just below the period gap. The superhump period excess is 0.048(5) and, empirically, the mass ratio q is 0.20(2). The superoutburst lasted between 8 and 12 days, peaked close to magnitude 13 with an amplitude above quiescence of 5 magnitudes, and faded for 4 days at a rate of 0.14 mag/d. Close monitoring following the end of the superoutburst detected a single normal outburst 60 days later which reached magnitude 14.7 and lasted less than 3 days.

astro-ph.SR

Survey of Period Variations of Superhumps in SU UMa-Type Dwarf Novae

We systematically surveyed period variations of superhumps in SU UMa-type dwarf novae based on newly obtained data and past publications. In many systems, the evolution of superhump period are found to be composed of three distinct stages: early evolutionary stage with a longer superhump period, middle stage with systematically varying periods, final stage with a shorter, stable superhump period. During the middle stage, many systems with superhump periods less than 0.08 d show positive period derivatives. Contrary to the earlier claim, we found no clear evidence for variation of period derivatives between superoutburst of the same object. We present an interpretation that the lengthening of the superhump period is a result of outward propagation of the eccentricity wave and is limited by the radius near the tidal truncation. We interpret that late stage superhumps are rejuvenized excitation of 3:1 resonance when the superhumps in the outer disk is effectively quenched. Many of WZ Sge-type dwarf novae showed long-enduring superhumps during the post-superoutburst stage having periods longer than those during the main superoutburst. The period derivatives in WZ Sge-type dwarf novae are found to be strongly correlated with the fractional superhump excess, or consequently, mass ratio. WZ Sge-type dwarf novae with a long-lasting rebrightening or with multiple rebrightenings tend to have smaller period derivatives and are excellent candidate for the systems around or after the period minimum of evolution of cataclysmic variables (abridged).

astro-ph.SR

VSX J074727.6+065050: a new WZ Sagittae star in Canis minor

We present photometry of the first reported superoutburst of the dwarf nova VSX J074727.6+065050 during 2008 January and February. At its brightest the star reached magnitude 11.4 and this was followed by a slow decline at 0.09 mag/d for 19 days, corresponding to the plateau phase. There was then a rapid decline at 1.66 mag/d to a temporary minimum at magnitude 16.6 where it stayed for 2 to 3 days after which there were six remarkable echo outbursts before the star gradually faded back towards quiescence at ~magnitude 19.5. The overall outburst amplitude was at least 8 magnitudes and it lasted more than 80 days. During the plateau phase we observed common superhumps with Psh = 0.06070(6) d, but the period increased to Psh = 0.06151(5) d coinciding with the end of the plateau phase and the onset of the rapid decline. This corresponds to a continuous period change with P^dot = +4.4(9) x 10-5. During the echo outbursts there was a superhump regime with Psh = 0.06088(49) d. Evidence is presented which is consistent with the star being a member of the WZ Sge family of dwarf novae.

astro-ph.SR

SDSS J162718.39+120435.0 - a dwarf nova in the period gap

SDSS J162718.39+120435.0 was suspected of being a dwarf nova from spectroscopic observations made available by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Photometry conducted during the 2008 outburst, the first ever outburst of this object detected and followed up in real time, shows that the outburst reached magnitude 14.6 at maximum, had an amplitude of 4.6 magnitudes and lasted for at least 18 days. Common superhumps were detected with an amplitude of up to 0.4 magnitudes, confirming it to be a member of the SU UMa family. Initially the superhump period, Psh, was 0.10993(7) days (2.638 hours), but it subsequently reduced to Psh = 0.10890(9) days (2.614 hours) later in the outburst. The period change corresponds to the end of the plateau period of the outburst. The orbital period, Porb, was estimated from the two Psh values as between 0.1026 d and 0.1016 d, which places SDSS1627 near the centre of the period gap in the orbital period distribution of cataclysmic variables.

astro-ph