arXiv subjects

Behnam Nouri

Publications and source records attributed to Behnam Nouri.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Fast Frequency Services from HVDC-Connected Offshore Wind Power Plants: A Review in the European Context

The rapid expansion of offshore wind energy is central to the European Union's climate-neutrality targets, with High Voltage Direct Current-connected offshore wind power plants (HVDC-OWPPs) becoming increasingly important for integrating gigawatt-scale renewable generation over long distances. Simultaneously, the phase-out of conventional synchronous generators, together with the gradual withdrawal of renewable-energy subsidies, are creating growing demand for ancillary service provision from HVDC-OWPPs as alternatives. This paper presents a comprehensive review of fast frequency services from HVDC-OWPPs in the European context, focusing on inertia support, fast frequency reserve (FFR), and frequency containment reserve (FCR). The review covers both mandatory grid-code requirements and commercial service products, including the latest developments from ENTSO-E, ACER, NESO, TenneT, and Energinet. Furthermore, the paper discusses the key technical gaps and challenges in the practical implementation of fast frequency services from HVDC-OWPPs, highlighting the limited fast response capacity, complexity of stacking optimization, asymmetric provision of inertia, and overall coordination of an HVDC-OWPP system.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2026

A Methodology for Impedance-based Stability Margin Analysis for Interconnected Offshore Wind Clusters

With recent developments in offshore grid architectures, power park modules (PPMs) such as clusters of offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly interconnected offshore. Consequently, it is necessary to assess how integrating a new OWPP affects the stability margins of an existing OWPP at the point of connection. Although impedance-based methods are widely used for small-signal stability assessment of interconnected converter-based systems, many studies rely primarily on Nyquist encirclements and do not explicitly quantify stability margins. Thus, this paper proposes a general impedance-based methodology to (i) evaluate the stability margins of an existing connection after a new PPM is integrated and (ii) derive a maximum allowable impedance for the new connection such that the minimum stability margin requirements specified by system operators are satisfied and stable operation is maintained. In addition, new Nyquist-based stability regions are introduced to complement the generalized Nyquist criterion, providing analytical indications of margin compliance and headroom. The proposed method is validated through case studies using vendor-based frequency-domain models of two interconnected OWPPs and HVDC system.

eess.SY↗

arXiv2026

Holistic Grid-Forming Control to Enhance the Frequency Support from HVDC-Connected Offshore Wind Power Plants

To address the frequency stability challenges posed by the rising penetration of power electronics in power systems, HVDC-connected offshore wind power plants (OWPPs) are increasingly expected to provide inertial response and frequency containment reserve (FCR). In this paper, an improved holistic grid-forming (GFM) control is proposed, aiming to enhance the frequency support by coordinating the GFM controls implemented at all AC and DC terminals of an HVDC-OWPP system, without requiring communication. Firstly, the model of a typical HVDC-OWPP system is developed for control design. Accordingly, the proposed controllers are formulated, followed by an analytical tuning method, where the upper bound of the bandwidth at each AC or DC terminal is identified. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the functionality and compare the performance with that of representative control configurations. The results show that the proposed holistic GFM control achieves faster response and thus more effective frequency support, while the utilization of the inherent energy storage of each converter is minimized, thereby supporting a new design philosophy for converter control in converter-dominated systems.

eess.SY↗