arXiv subjects

Benjamin D. Johnson

Publications and source records attributed to Benjamin D. Johnson.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2025

The dawn of disks: unveiling the turbulent ionised gas kinematics of the galaxy population at $z\sim4-6$ with JWST/NIRCam grism spectroscopy

Recent studies of gas kinematics at high redshift have reported disky systems which appear to challenge models of galaxy formation, but it is unclear whether they are representative of the underlying galaxy population. We present the first statistical sample of spatially resolved ionised gas kinematics at high redshift, comprised of $272$ H$α$ emitters in GOODS-S and GOODS-N at redshifts $z\approx3.9-6.5$, observed with JWST/NIRCam slitless spectroscopy and imaging from JADES, FRESCO and CONGRESS. The sample probes two orders of magnitude in stellar mass ($\log (M_{\star}[\mathrm{M}_{\odot}])\approx8-10$) and star formation rate ($\text{SFR}\approx0.3-100\thinspace M_{\odot}/$yr), and is representative down to $\log(M_{\star}[\mathrm{M}_{\odot}])\approx 9$. Using a novel inference tool, $\texttt{geko}$, we model the grism data to measure morphological and kinematic properties of the ionised gas, as probed by H$α$. Our results are consistent with a decrease of the rotational support $v/σ_0$\ and increase of the velocity dispersion $σ_0$ with redshift, with $σ_0\approx100$ km/s and $v/σ_0\approx1-2$ at $z\approx3.9-6.5$. We study the relations between $σ_0$, and $v/σ_0$, and different star formation tracers and find a large scatter and diversity, with the strongest correlations between $σ_0$ and SFR and SFR surface density. The fraction of rotationally supported systems ($v/σ_0>1$) slightly increases with cosmic time, from $(36\pm6)\%$ to $(41\pm6)\%$ from $z\sim 5.5$ to $z\sim 4.5$, for galaxies with masses $9<\log(M_{\star}[\mathrm{M}_{\odot}])<10$. Overall, disks do not dominate the turbulent high-redshift galaxy population in the mass range probed by this work. When placed in the context of studies up to cosmic noon, our results are consistent with a significant increase of disk-like systems with cosmic time.

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arXiv2025

Witnessing the onset of reionisation via Lyman-$α$ emission at redshift 13

$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$Cosmic Reionisation commenced when ultraviolet (UV) radiation produced in the first galaxies began illuminating the cold, neutral gas that filled the primordial Universe. Recent James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have shown that surprisingly UV-bright galaxies were in place beyond redshift $z = 14$, when the Universe was less than $300 \, \mathrm{Myr}$ old. Smooth turnovers of their UV continua have been interpreted as damping-wing absorption of Lyman-$α$ (Ly$α$), the principal hydrogen transition. However, spectral signatures encoding crucial properties of these sources, such as their emergent radiation field, largely remain elusive. Here we report spectroscopy from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) of a galaxy at redshift $z = 13.0$ that reveal a singular, bright emission line unambiguously identified as Ly$α$, in addition to a smooth turnover. We observe an equivalent width of $\text{EW}_\mathrm{Lyα} > 40 \, Å$ (rest frame), previously only seen at $z < 9$ where the intervening intergalactic medium (IGM) becomes increasingly ionised. Together with an extremely blue UV continuum, the unexpected Ly$α$ emission indicates the galaxy is a prolific producer and leaker of ionising photons. This suggests massive, hot stars or an active galactic nucleus (AGN) have created an early reionised region to prevent complete extinction of Ly$α$, thus shedding new light on the nature of the earliest galaxies and the onset of Reionisation only $330 \, \mathrm{Myr}$ after the Big Bang.

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arXiv2025

A "Black Hole Star" Reveals the Remarkable Gas-Enshrouded Hearts of the Little Red Dots

The physical processes that led to the formation of billion solar mass black holes within the first 700 million years of cosmic time remain a puzzle. Several theoretical scenarios have been proposed to seed and rapidly grow black holes, but direct observations of these mechanisms remain elusive. Here we present a source 660 million years after the Big Bang that displays singular properties: among the largest Hydrogen Balmer breaks reported at any redshift, broad multi-peaked H$β$ emission, and Balmer line absorption in multiple transitions. We model this source as a "black hole star" (BH*) where the Balmer break and absorption features are a result of extremely dense, turbulent gas forming a dust-free "atmosphere" around a supermassive black hole. This source may provide evidence of an early black hole embedded in dense gas -- a theoretical configuration proposed to rapidly grow black holes via super-Eddington accretion. Radiation from the BH* appears to dominate almost all observed light, leaving limited room for contribution from its host galaxy. We demonstrate that the recently discovered "Little Red Dots" (LRDs) with perplexing spectral energy distributions can be explained as BH*s embedded in relatively brighter host galaxies. This source provides evidence that black hole masses in the LRDs may be over-estimated by orders of magnitude -- the BH* is effectively dust-free contrary to the steep dust corrections applied while modeling LRDs, and the physics that gives rise to the complex line shapes and luminosities may deviate from assumptions underlying standard scaling relations.

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arXiv2025

The eventful life of a luminous galaxy at z = 14: metal enrichment, feedback, and low gas fraction?

JADES-GS-z14-0 is the most distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy yet, at $z>14$. With a UV magnitude of -20.81, it is one of the most luminous galaxies at cosmic dawn and its half-light radius of 260 pc means that stars dominate the observed UV emission. We report ALMA detection of [OIII]88$μ$m line emission with a significance of 6.67$σ$ and at a frequency of 223.524~GHz, corresponding to a redshift of $14.1796\pm0.0007$, which is consistent with the candidate CIII] line detected in the NIRSpec spectrum. At this spectroscopic redshift, the Lyman-$α$ break identified with NIRSpec requires a damped Lyman-$α$ absorber with a column density of $\log(N_{\rm HI}/\mathrm{cm}^{-2})=21.96$. The total [O\,{\sc iii}]88$μ$m luminosity (log$(L_{\rm [OIII]}/L_\odot) = 8.3\pm 0.1$) is fully consistent with the local $L_{\rm [OIII]}-SFR$ relation and indicating a gas-phase metallicity $>0.1~{\rm Z_{\rm \odot}}$. Using \texttt{prospector} SED modeling and combining the ALMA data with JWST observations, we find $Z=0.17~{\rm Z_{\rm \odot}}$ and a non-zero escape fraction of ionizing photons ($\sim11\%$), which is necessary by the code to reproduce the UV spectrum. We measure an ${\rm [O III]}5007$Å/[O III]88$μ$m line flux ratio between 1 and 20, resulting in an upper limit to the electron density of roughly 700 cm$^{-3}$ assuming a single-cloud photoionization model. The [OIIII]88$μ$m emission line is spectrally resolved, with a FWHM of 100 km/s, resulting in a dynamical mass of log($M_{\rm dyn}/M_\odot$) = 9.0$\pm0.2$. When compared to the stellar mass, this value represents a conservative upper limit on the gas mass fraction, which ranges from 50\% to 80\%, depending on the assumed star formation history. Past radiation-driven outflows may have cleared the galaxy from the gas, reducing the gas fraction and thus increasing the escape fraction of ionizing photons.

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arXiv2025

Deriving Stellar Properties, Distances, and Reddenings using Photometry and Astrometry with BRUTUS

We present brutus, an open source Python package for quickly deriving stellar properties, distances, and reddenings to stars based on grids of stellar models constrained by photometric and astrometric data. We outline the statistical framework for deriving these quantities, its implementation, and various Galactic priors over the 3-D distribution of stars, stellar properties, and dust extinction (including $R_V$ variation). We establish a procedure to empirically calibrate MIST v1.2 isochrones by using open clusters to derive corrections to the effective temperatures and radii of the isochrones, which reduces systematic errors on the lower main sequence. We also describe and apply a method to estimate photometric offsets between stellar models and observed data using nearby, low-reddening field stars. We perform a series of tests on mock and real data to examine parameter recovery with MIST under different modeling assumptions, illustrating that brutus is able to recover distances and other stellar properties using optical to near-infrared photometry and astrometry. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/joshspeagle/brutus.

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arXiv2025

Mapping the Milky Way in 5-D with 170 Million Stars

We present "augustus", a catalog of distance, extinction, and stellar parameter estimates to 170 million stars from $14\,{\rm mag} < r < 20\,{\rm mag}$ and with $|b| > 10^\circ$ drawing on a combination of optical to near-IR photometry from Pan-STARRS, 2MASS, UKIDSS, and unWISE along with parallax measurements from \textit{Gaia} DR2 and 3-D dust extinction maps. After applying quality cuts, we find 125 million objects have "high-quality" posteriors with statistical distance uncertainties of $\lesssim 10\%$ for objects with well-constrained stellar types. This is a substantial improvement over distance estimates derived from Gaia parallaxes alone and in line with results from previous work. We find the fits are able to accurately reproduce the de-reddened Gaia color-magnitude diagram, which serves as a useful consistency check of our results. We show that we are able to clearly detect large, kinematically-coherent substructures in our data relative to the input priors, including the Monoceros Ring and the Sagittarius stream, attesting to the quality of the catalog. Our results are publicly available at doi:10.7910/DVN/WYMSXV. An accompanying interactive visualization can be found at http://allsky.s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com.

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arXiv2025

JADES: The star-formation and chemical enrichment history of a luminous galaxy at z~9.43 probed by ultra-deep JWST/NIRSpec spectroscopy

We analyse ultra-deep JWST observations of the galaxy JADES-GS-z9-0 at z = 9.4327, and derive detailed stellar and interstellar medium (ISM) properties of this luminous (MUV=-20.43) high-redshift system. Complementary information from NIRCam imaging and NIRSpec (both low- and medium-resolution) spectroscopy reveal a compact system (Re ~110 pc) characterised by a steeply rising star formation history, which is reflected in the inferred young stellar age (t ~ 3 Myr, light-weighted), high star-formation rate surface density (ΣSFR ~ 72 M yr-1 kpc-2), high ionisation parameter (log(U) ~ -1.5), low metallicity (12+log(O/H) ~ 7.5), and low carbon-over-oxygen abundance ([C/O] = -0.64). Leveraging the detection of N iii]1750 we derive nitrogen-over-oxygen abundance ([N/O] ~ 0) higher than the plateau followed by low-redshift galaxies of similar metallicity, possibly revealing the imprint from (very) massive stars on the ISM enrichment and favouring a top-heavy Initial Mass Function (IMF) scenario. Massive stars powering a hard radiation field are also required to explain the rest-frame UV line ratios, though the presence of the high-excitation [Ne v]λ3426 emission line possibly hints at additional ionization from an AGN. We also report the tentative detection of Lyα emission in the G140M spectrum, shifted by ~450 km/s redward of the systemic redshift. Combined with a modelling of the Lyα spectral break, we rule out the presence of very high column densities of neutral gas pertaining to local absorbers, as well as any extended surrounding ionised bubble, suggesting that JADES-GS-z9-0 has not yet significantly contributed to cosmic Reionization.

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arXiv2025

JADES: A large population of obscured, narrow line AGN at high redshift

We present the identification of 42 narrow-line active galactic nuclei (type-2 AGN) candidates in the two deepest observations of the JADES spectroscopic survey with JWST/NIRSpec. The spectral coverage and the depth of our observations allow us to select narrow-line AGNs based on both rest-frame optical and UV emission lines up to z=10. Due to the metallicity decrease of galaxies, at $z>3$ the standard optical diagnostic diagrams (N2-BPT or S2-VO87) become unable to distinguish many AGN from other sources of photoionisation. Therefore, we also use high ionisation lines, such as HeII$λ$4686, HeII$λ$1640, NeIV$λ$2422, NeV$λ$3420, and NV$λ$1240, also in combination with other UV transitions, to trace the presence of AGN. Out of a parent sample of 209 galaxies, we identify 42 type-2 AGN (although 10 of them are tentative), giving a fraction of galaxies in JADES hosting type-2 AGN of about $20\pm3$\%, which does not evolve significantly in the redshift range between 2 and 10. The selected type-2 AGN have estimated bolometric luminosities of $10^{41.3-44.9}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and host-galaxy stellar masses of $10^{7.2-9.3}$ M$_{\odot}$. The star formation rates of the selected AGN host galaxies are consistent with those of the star-forming main sequence. The AGN host galaxies at z=4-6 contribute $\sim$8-30 \% to the UV luminosity function, slightly increasing with UV luminosity.

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arXiv2025

AGN Feedback in Quiescent Galaxies at Cosmic Noon Traced by Ionized Gas Emission

We analyze ionized gas emission lines in deep rest-frame optical spectra of 16 quiescent galaxies at redshift $1.7<z<3.5$ observed with JWST/NIRSpec by the Blue Jay survey. Robust detection of emission lines in $75\%$ of the sample indicates the presence of ongoing ionizing sources in this passive population. The H$α$ line luminosities confirm that the population is quiescent, with star formation rates that are at least ten times lower than the main sequence of star formation. The quiescent sample is clearly separate from the star-forming population in line diagnostic diagrams, and occupies a region usually populated by active galactic nuclei (AGN). Analysis of the observed line ratios, equivalent widths, and velocity dispersions leads us to conclude that in most cases the gas is ionized by AGN activity, despite the lack of X-ray detections. A subset of the sample also hosts ionized and/or neutral outflows. Our results show, for the first time using a representative sample, that low luminosity AGN are extremely common among quiescent galaxies at high redshift. These low luminosity AGN may play a key role in quenching star formation and in maintaining massive galaxies quiescent from Cosmic Noon to $z\sim0$.

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arXiv2025

The JADES Transient Survey: Discovery and Classification of Supernovae in the JADES Deep Field

The JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) is a multi-cycle JWST program that has taken among the deepest near-/mid-infrared images to date (down to $\sim$30 ABmag) over $\sim$25 arcmin$^2$ in the GOODS-S field in two sets of observations with one year of separation. This presented the first opportunity to systematically search for transients, mostly supernovae (SNe), out to $z$$>$2. We found 79 SNe: 38 at $z$$<$2, 23 at 2$<$$z$$<$3, 8 at 3$<$$z$$<$4, 7 at 4$<$$z$$<$5, and 3 with undetermined redshifts, where the redshifts are predominantly based on spectroscopic or highly reliable JADES photometric redshifts of the host galaxies. At this depth, the detection rate is $\sim$1-2 per arcmin$^2$ per year, demonstrating the power of JWST as a supernova discovery machine. We also conducted multi-band follow-up NIRCam observations of a subset of the SNe to better constrain their light curves and classify their types. Here, we present the survey, sample, search parameters, spectral energy distributions (SEDs), light curves, and classifications. Even at $z$$\geq$2, the NIRCam data quality is high enough to allow SN classification via multi-epoch light-curve fitting with confidence. The multi-epoch SN sample includes a Type Ia SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$2.90, Type IIP SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$3.61, and a Type Ic-BL SN at $z_{\mathrm{spec}}$$=$2.83. We also found that two $z$$\sim$16 galaxy candidates from the first imaging epoch were actually transients that faded in the second epoch, illustrating the possibility that moderate/high-redshift SNe could mimic high-redshift dropout galaxies.

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arXiv2025

Age-dating early quiescent galaxies: high star-formation efficiency, but consistent with direct, higher-redshift observations

We present a detailed analysis of JWST/NIRSpec and NIRCam observations of ZF-UDS-7329, a massive, quiescent galaxy at redshift $z=3.2$, which has been put forward to challenge cosmology and galaxy formation physics. We study on the impact of different star formation history (SFH) priors, stellar libraries, metallicity, and initial mass function assumptions. Our results show that ZF-UDS-7329, with a formed stellar mass of $M_{\star} \approx 10^{11.4}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$ (surviving mass $M_{\star\mathrm{,surv}} \approx 10^{11.2}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot}$) and a specific star-formation rate of $\mathrm{sSFR} \approx 0.03$ Gyr$^{-1}$, formed efficiently in the first billion years of the Universe. In agreement with previous work, we find that the spectrum is consistent with mass-weighted stellar ages of $1.3-1.8$ Gyr, depending on the SFH prior used. A physically motivated rising SFH prior makes the formation history of ZF-UDS-7329 compatible with stellar mass and star-formation rate estimates of $z>6$ galaxies. Using NIRCam imaging, we identify a colour gradient indicative of an old, quiescent bulge and a younger disc component, as expected from a complex formation history. The inferred SFH is consistent a high stellar fraction of $f_{\star}=M_{\star}/(f_b \cdot M_{\rm h}) \approx 100\%$ at $z=7-12$, implying an extremely high integrated star-formation efficiency. However, when considering cosmic variance and possible mergers as expected in over-dense environments -- as traced by ZF-UDS-7329 -- the stellar fractions could be reduced to $f_{\star} \approx 50\%$, which is more consistent with galaxy formation models and the stellar-to-halo mass relation at lower redshifts. We conclude that ZF-UDS-7329 forms extremely efficient in the early universe, but does not necessitate unseen galaxies at higher redshifts since the inferred SFR of ancestors are consistent with those seen in $z>6$ galaxies.

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arXiv2025

Photometric detection at $7.7\ μ\mathrm{m}$ of a galaxy beyond redshift $14$ with JWST/MIRI

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has spectroscopically confirmed numerous galaxies at $z > 10$. While weak rest-ultraviolet emission lines have only been seen in a handful of sources, the stronger rest-optical emission lines are highly diagnostic and accessible at mid-infrared wavelengths with the Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) of JWST. We report the photometric detection of the distant spectroscopically confirmed galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 at $z = 14.32^{+0.08}_{-0.20}$ with MIRI at $7.7\ μ\mathrm{m}$. The most plausible solution for the stellar population properties is that this galaxy contains half a billion solar masses in stars with a strong burst of star formation in the most recent few million years. For this model, at least one-third of the flux at $7.7\ μ\mathrm{m}$ comes from the rest-optical emission lines $\mathrm{H}β$ and/or $\mathrm{[OIII]}λ\lambda4959,5007$. The inferred properties of JADES-GS-z14-0 suggest rapid mass assembly and metal enrichment during the earliest phases of galaxy formation. This work demonstrates the unique power of mid-infrared observations in understanding galaxies at the redshift frontier.

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arXiv2024

Hitting the slopes: A spectroscopic view of UV continuum slopes of galaxies reveals a reddening at z > 9.5

The UV continuum slope of galaxies, $β$, is a powerful diagnostic. Understanding the redshift evolution of $β$ and its dependence on key galaxy properties can shed light on the evolution of galaxy physical properties over cosmic time. In this study, we present $β$ measurements for 295 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at $5.5 9.5$ to begin to redden, deviating from the trend observed at $z < 9.5$. By producing stacked spectra in bins of redshift and $β$, we derive trends between $β$ and dust attenuation, metallicity, ionization parameter, and stellar age indicators directly from spectra, finding a lack of dust attenuation to be the dominant driver of bluer $β$ values. We further report six galaxies with $β<-3.0$, which show a range of spectroscopic properties and signs of significant LyC photon leakage. Finally, we show that the redder $β$ values at $z > 9.5$ may require rapid build-up of dust reservoirs in the very early Universe or a significant contribution from the nebular continuum emission to the observed UV spectra, with the nebular continuum fraction depending on the gas temperatures and densities. Our modeling shows that in the absence of dust, nebular emission at $T > 15,000$ K can reproduce the range of $β$ that we see in our sample. Higher gas temperatures driven by hot, massive stars can boost the fraction of nebular continuum emission, potentially explaining the observed $β$ values as well as bright UV magnitudes seen across galaxies at $z > 10$.

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arXiv2024

Rapid Quenching of Galaxies at Cosmic Noon

The existence of massive quiescent galaxies at high redshift seems to require rapid quenching, but it is unclear whether all quiescent galaxies have gone through this phase and what physical mechanisms are involved. To study rapid quenching, we use rest-frame colors to select 12 young quiescent galaxies at $z \sim 1.5$. From spectral energy distribution fitting, we find that they all experienced intense starbursts prior to rapid quenching. We confirm this with deep Magellan/FIRE spectroscopic observations for a subset of seven galaxies. Broad emission lines are detected for two galaxies and are most likely caused by AGN activity. The other five galaxies do not show any emission features, suggesting that gas has already been removed or depleted. Most of the rapidly quenched galaxies are more compact than normal quiescent galaxies, providing evidence for a central starburst in the recent past. We estimate an average transition time of $300\,\rm Myr$ for the rapid quenching phase. Approximately $4\%$ of quiescent galaxies at $z=1.5$ have gone through rapid quenching; this fraction increases to $23\%$ at $z=2.2$. We identify analogs in the TNG100 simulation and find that rapid quenching for these galaxies is driven by AGN, and for half of the cases, gas-rich major mergers seem to trigger the starburst. We conclude that these massive quiescent galaxies are not just rapidly quenched but also rapidly formed through a major starburst. We speculate that mergers drive gas inflow towards the central regions and grow supermassive black holes, leading to rapid quenching by AGN feedback.

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arXiv2024

An Investigation Into The Selection and Colors of Little Red Dots and Active Galactic Nuclei

Recently, a large number of compact sources at $z > 4$ with blue UV slopes and extremely red rest-frame optical slopes have been found in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) extragalactic surveys. As a subsample of these sources, commonly called ``little red dots'' (LRDs), have been spectroscopically observed to host a broad-line active galactic nucleus (AGN), they have been the focus of multiple recent studies in an attempt to understand the origin of their UV and optical emission. Here, we assemble a sample of 123 LRDs from the literature along with spectroscopic and photometric JWST-identified samples of AGNs to compare their colors and spectral slopes. We find that while obscured AGNs at $z < 6$ have highly dissimilar colors to LRDs, unobscured AGNs at $z < 6$ span a wide range of colors, with only a subsample showing colors similar to LRDs. At $z > 6$, the majority of the unobscured AGNs that have been found in these samples are LRDs, but this may be related to the fact that these sources are at large bolometric luminosities. Because LRDs occupy a unique position in galaxy color space, they are more straightforward to target, and the large number of broad-line AGNs that do not have LRD colors and slopes are therefore underrepresented in many spectroscopic surveys because they are more difficult to pre-select. Current LRD selection techniques return a large and disparate population, including many sources having $2-5μ$m colors impacted by emission line flux boosting in individual filters.

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arXiv2024

JADES: Measuring reionization properties using Lyman-alpha emission

Ly$α$ is the transition to the ground state from the first excited state of hydrogen (the most common element). Resonant scattering of this line by neutral hydrogen greatly impedes its emergence from galaxies, so the fraction of galaxies emitting Ly$α$ is a tracer of the neutral fraction of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and thus the history of reionisation. In previous works, we used early JWST/NIRSpec data from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) to classify and characterise Ly$α$ emitting galaxies (LAEs). This survey is approaching completion, and the current sample is nearly an order of magnitude larger. From a sample of 795 galaxies in JADES at $4.0<z<14.3$, we find evidence for Ly$α$ emission in 150sources. We reproduce the previously found correlation between Ly$α$ escape fraction ($f_{esc}^{Lyα}$) - Ly$α$ rest-frame equivalent width ($REW_{Lyα}$) and the negative correlation between Ly$α$ velocity offset - $f_{esc}^{Lyα}$. Both $f_{esc}^{Lyα}$ and $REW_{Lyα}$ decrease with redshift ($z\gtrsim5.5$), indicating the progression of reionisation on a population scale. Our data are used to demonstrate an increasing IGM transmission of Ly$α$ from $z\sim14-6$. We measure the completeness-corrected fraction of LAEs (\xlya) from $z=4-9.5$. An application of these \xlya values to the results of previously utilised semi-analytical models suggests a high neutral fraction at $z=7$ ($X_{HI}\sim0.8-0.9$). Using an updated fit to the intrinsic distribution of $REW_{Lyα}$ results in a lower value in agreement with current works ($X_{HI}=0.64_{-0.21}^{+0.13}$). This sample of LAEs will be paramount for unbiased population studies of galaxies in the EoR.

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arXiv2024

JADES: Primaeval Lyman-$\mathrmα$ emitting galaxies reveal early sites of reionisation out to redshift $z \sim 9$

$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$Given the sensitivity of the resonant Lyman-$\mathrmα$ (Ly$\mathrmα$) transition to absorption by neutral hydrogen, observations of Ly$\mathrmα$ emitting galaxies (LAEs) have been widely used to probe the ionising capabilities of reionisation-era galaxies and their impact on the intergalactic medium (IGM). However, prior to JWST our understanding of the contribution of fainter sources and of ionised `bubbles' at earlier stages of reionisation remained uncertain. Here, we present the characterisation of three exceptionally distant LAEs at $z>8$, newly discovered by JWST/NIRSpec in the JADES survey. These three similarly bright ($M_\text{UV} \approx -20\,\mathrm{mag}$) LAEs exhibit small Ly$\mathrmα$ velocity offsets from the systemic redshift, $Δv_\mathrm{Lyα} \lesssim 200\,\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$, yet span a range of Ly$\mathrmα$ equivalent widths ($15\,Å$, $31\,Å$, and $132\,Å$). The former two show moderate Ly$\mathrmα$ escape fractions ($f_\mathrm{esc,Lyα} \approx 10\%$), whereas Ly$\mathrmα$ escapes remarkably efficiently from the third ($f_\mathrm{esc,Lyα} \approx 72\%$), which moreover is very compact (half-light radius of $90\pm10\,\mathrm{pc}$). We find these LAEs are low-mass galaxies dominated by very recent, vigorous bursts of star formation accompanied by strong nebular emission from metal-poor gas. We infer the two LAEs with modest $f_\mathrm{esc,Lyα}$, one of which reveals evidence for ionisation by an active galactic nucleus, may have reasonably produced small ionised bubbles preventing complete IGM absorption of Ly$\mathrmα$. The third, however, requires a $\sim 3\,\text{physical Mpc}$ bubble, indicating faint galaxies have contributed significantly. The most distant LAEs thus continue to be powerful observational probes into the earlier stages of reionisation.

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arXiv2024

Widespread rapid quenching at cosmic noon revealed by JWST deep spectroscopy

Massive quiescent galaxies in the young universe are expected to be quenched rapidly, but it is unclear whether they all experience starbursts before quenching and what physical mechanism drives rapid quenching. We study 14 massive quiescent galaxies ($\log(M_\star/M_\odot) > 10$) at $z\sim2$ selected from a representative sample of the Blue Jay survey. We reconstruct their star formation histories by fitting spectral energy distribution models to the JWST/NIRSpec $R\sim1000$ spectra. We find that massive quiescent galaxies can be split into three categories with roughly equal numbers of galaxies according to their SFHs: 1) Relatively old galaxies quenched at early epochs; 2) Galaxies that are rapidly and recently quenched after a flat or bursty formation history (depending on the assumed prior); 3) Galaxies that are rapidly and recently quenched after a major starburst. Most recently quenched galaxies show neutral gas outflows, probed by blueshifted $\rm Na\,I\,D$ absorption, and ionized gas emission, with line ratios consistent with active galactic nucleus (AGN) diagnostics. This suggests that AGN activity drives multi-phase gas outflows, leading to rapid quenching. By tracing back the SFHs of the entire sample, we predict the number density of massive quiescent galaxies at $z=4-6$: $n=(1.5-6.0)\times10^{-5}\,\rm Mpc^{-3}$. The two old massive quiescent galaxies in our sample appear to have extremely early formation and quenching ($z\gtrsim6$), possibly descendants of early post-starbursts at $z>3$. These galaxies still show neutral gas reservoirs and weak H$α$ emission, perhaps because the ejective AGN feedback that caused rapid quenching has weakened over time.

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