Benjamin Leibauer | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

How Spontaneous Electrowetting and Surface Charge affect Drop Motion

Water drops sliding on hydrophobic surfaces spontaneously separate charges at their rear. It is unclear how this charge separation affects the contact angles of a sliding drop. We slide grounded and insulated drops on hydrophobic surfaces at low capillary numbers (\leq 10^{-4}). We find that drop charge leads to spontaneous electrowetting, which decreases the contact angles. Additionally, the deposited charges lead to a surface charge effect and decrease the contact angle. Both phenomena compensate each other at the receding contact line, resulting in an insignificant change in the receding contact angle of a sliding drop.

physics.flu-dyn↗

arXiv2026

Mechanisms in Slide Electrification of Liquid and Frozen Drops on Hydrophobic Surfaces

The microscopic and fundamental origin of slide electrification, where droplets of water move across insulating surfaces accumulating and depositing electrical charges, is still debated. Charge transfer is often attributed to ion transfer at the receding contact line. However, it is still unclear whether ion transfer alone can fully account for the observed charge separation. We examined slide electrification of two polar, self-ionizing liquids (water, formamide) and two non-polar liquids (diiodomethane, bromonaphthalene). By cooling below the melting temperature, we were able to compare this process to tribocharging of the respective frozen components. Despite reduced ion mobility at sub-freezing temperatures, the frozen polar compounds continue to accumulate significant charge. Non-polar liquids exhibit lower charging (<25% of polar liquids) and nearly identical charging behaviour in both their liquid and frozen phases on five different substrates. Since non-polar liquids contain few free ions, these observations indicate an alternative charging mechanism, which could be electron transfer. Our findings suggest that slide electrification operates through at least two mechanisms, with the dominant charge transfer pathway shifting between ions and electron transfer depending on the electronegativity, phase, and temperature.

cond-mat.soft↗