arXiv subjects

Benjamin Pasquiou

Publications and source records attributed to Benjamin Pasquiou.

18 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Instabilities of the continuous superradiant laser

We investigate the intensity stability of the superradiant laser. Our study focuses on the architecture where a continuous beam of atoms in an electronically excited state crosses the mode of a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, which has been proposed as a new architecture of an active optical clock. We show that such superradiant laser can become unstable and develop chaotic behavior. We derive an analytical criterion for this instability and find that it may only occur when the lifetime of photons in the cavity is significantly shorter than the lifetime of atoms. This criterion allows for refining the necessary parameters to run a superradiant laser as a frequency reference in the optical domain. In particular, we point-out the consequences of the instability on intensity fluctuations and laser linewidth. On the other hand, we also point out that the superradiant laser, when in the unstable regime, can become an interesting playground for studying chaos. At the mean-field level, there is a direct mapping to the B\'enard instability associated with fluid turbulence; however quantum fluctuations associated with photon out-coupling and atom re-filling substantially modify the expected behaviors. Finally, we point-out the existence of a regular self-pulsing regime at large atom numbers.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2025

Coherent control over the high-dimensional space of the nuclear spin of alkaline-earth atoms

We demonstrate coherent manipulation of the nuclear degrees of freedom of ultracold ground-state strontium 87 atoms, thus providing a toolkit for fully exploiting the corresponding large Hilbert space as a quantum resource and for quantum simulation experiments with SU(N)-symmetric matter. By controlling the resonance conditions of Raman transitions with a tensor light shift, we can perform rotations within a restricted Hilbert space of two isolated spin states among the 2F+1 = 10 possible states. These manipulations correspond to engineering unitary operations deriving from generators of the SU(N) algebra beyond what can be done by simple spin precession. We present Ramsey interferometers involving an isolated pair of Zeeman states with no measurable decoherence after 3 seconds. We also demonstrate that one can harvest the large spin degrees of freedom as a qudit resource by implementing two interferometer schemes over four states. The first scheme senses in parallel multiple external fields acting on the atoms, and the second scheme simultaneously measures multiple observables of a collective atomic state - including non-commuting ones. Engineering unitary transformations of the large spin driven by other generators than the usual spin-F representation of the SU(2) group offers new possibilities from the point of view of quantum metrology and quantum many-body physics, notably for the quantum simulation of large-spin SU(N)-symmetric quantum magnetism with fermionic alkaline-earth atoms.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2024

Coherent Three-Photon Excitation of the Strontium Clock Transition

We demonstrate coherent three-photon excitation of the strontium clock transition with a contrast of 51(12)% using a Bose-Einstein condensate. We follow it up with a demonstration of three-photon STIRAP-like transfer, overcoming the typical limitations of this technique to odd-level numbers. We also measure the two-body loss coefficient of $^{84}$Sr clock-state atoms. Our work constitutes an essential step towards outcoupling a continuous atom laser beam and provides a fast excitation mechanism for quantum simulation using bosonic alkaline-earth-like atoms.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2024

Optical pumping of ${\mathrm{5s4d} ^1\mathrm{D}_2}$ strontium atoms for laser cooling and imaging

We present a faster repumping scheme for strontium magneto-optical traps operating on the broad ${\mathrm{5s^2} ^1\mathrm{S}_0} - {\mathrm{5s5p} ^1\mathrm{P}_1}$ laser cooling transition. Contrary to existing repumping schemes, we directly address lost atoms that spontaneously decayed to the ${\mathrm{5s4d} ^1\mathrm{D}_2}$ state, sending them back into the laser cooling cycle by optical pumping on the ${\mathrm{5s4d} ^1\mathrm{D}_2} - {\mathrm{5s8p} ^1\mathrm{P}_1}$ transition. We thus avoid the $\sim 100 \, \mathrm{μs}$-slow decay path from ${\mathrm{5s4d} ^1\mathrm{D}_2}$ to the ${\mathrm{5s5p} ^3\mathrm{P}_{1,2}}$ states that is part of other repumping schemes. Using one low-cost external-cavity diode laser emitting at $448 \, \mathrm{nm}$, we show our scheme increases the flux out of a 2D magneto-optical trap by $60 \, \%$ compared to without repumping. Furthermore, we perform spectroscopy on the ${\mathrm{5s4d} ^1\mathrm{D}_2} - {\mathrm{5s8p} ^1\mathrm{P}_1}$ transition and measure its frequency $ν_{\mathrm{^{88}Sr}} = (668917515.3 \pm 4.0 \pm 25) \, \mathrm{MHz}$. We also measure the frequency shifts between the four stable isotopes of strontium and infer the specific mass and field shift factors, $δν_\text{SMS} ^{88,86} = -267(45) \, \mathrm{MHz}$ and $δν_\text{FS} ^{88,86} = 2(42) \, \mathrm{MHz}$. Finally, we measure the hyperfine splitting of the ${\mathrm{5s8p} ^1\mathrm{P}_1}$ state in fermionic strontium, and deduce the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole coupling coefficients $A = -4(5) \, \mathrm{MHz}$ and $B = 5(35) \, \mathrm{MHz}$. Our experimental demonstration shows that this simple and very fast scheme could improve the laser cooling and imaging performance of cold strontium atom devices, such as quantum computers based on strontium atoms in arrays of optical tweezers.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2022

Correlations and linewidth of the atomic beam continuous superradiant laser

We propose a minimalistic model to account for the main properties of a continuous superradiant laser, in which a beam of atoms crosses the mode of a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity, and collectively emits light into the cavity mode. We focus on the case of weak single atom - cavity cooperativity, and highlight the relevant regime where decoherence due to the finite transit time dominates over spontaneous emission. We propose an original approach where the dynamics of atoms entering and leaving the cavity is described by a Hamiltonian process. This allows deriving the main dynamical equations for the superradiant laser, without the need for a stochastic approach. We derive analytical conditions for a sustained emission and show that the ultimate linewidth is set by the fundamental quantum fluctuations of the collective atomic dipole. We calculate steady-state values of the two-body correlators and show that the continuous superradiant regime is tied to the growth of atom-atom correlations, although these correlations only have a small impact on the laser linewidth.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2021

Continuous Bose-Einstein condensation

Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) are macroscopic coherent matter waves that have revolutionized quantum science and atomic physics. They are essential to quantum simulation and sensing, for example underlying atom interferometers in space and ambitious tests of Einstein's equivalence principle. The key to dramatically increasing the bandwidth and precision of such matter-wave sensors lies in sustaining a coherent matter wave indefinitely. Here we demonstrate continuous Bose-Einstein condensation by creating a continuous-wave (CW) condensate of strontium atoms that lasts indefinitely. The coherent matter wave is sustained by amplification through Bose-stimulated gain of atoms from a thermal bath. By steadily replenishing this bath while achieving 1000x higher phase-space densities than previous works, we maintain the conditions for condensation. This advance overcomes a fundamental limitation of all atomic quantum gas experiments to date: the need to execute several cooling stages time-sequentially. Continuous matter-wave amplification will make possible CW atom lasers, atomic counterparts of CW optical lasers that have become ubiquitous in technology and society. The coherence of such atom lasers will no longer be fundamentally limited by the atom number in a BEC and can ultimately reach the standard quantum limit. Our development provides a new, hitherto missing piece of atom optics, enabling the construction of continuous coherent matter-wave devices. From infrasound gravitational wave detectors to optical clocks, the dramatic improvement in coherence, bandwidth and precision now within reach will be decisive in the creation of a new class of quantum sensors.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2021

A steady-state magneto-optical trap of fermionic strontium on a narrow-line transition

A steady-state magneto-optical trap (MOT) of fermionic strontium atoms operating on the 7.5 kHz-wide ${^1\mathrm{S}_0} - {^3\mathrm{P}_1}$ transition is demonstrated. This MOT features $8.4 \times 10^{7}$ atoms, a loading rate of $1.3\times 10^{7}$atoms/s, and an average temperature of 12 $μ$K. These parameters make it well suited to serve as a source of atoms for continuous-wave superradiant lasers operating on strontium's mHz-wide clock transition. Such lasers have only been demonstrated using pulsed Sr sources, limiting their range of applications. Our MOT makes an important step toward continuous operation of these devices, paving the way for continuous-wave active optical clocks.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2019

Continuous guided strontium beam with high phase-space density

A continuous guided atomic beam of $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ with a phase-space density exceeding $10^{-4}$ in the moving frame and a flux of $3 \times 10^{7} \, \mathrm{at \, s^{-1}}$ is demonstrated. This phase-space density is around three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported for steady-state atomic beams. We detail the architecture necessary to produce this ultracold atom source and characterize its output after $\sim 4 \, \mathrm{cm}$ of propagation. With radial temperatures of less than $1 \,μ\mathrm{K}$ and a velocity of $8.4 \, \mathrm{cm \, s^{-1}}$ this source is ideal for a range of applications. For example, it could be used to replenish the gain medium of an active optical superradiant clock or be employed to overcome the Dick effect that can limit the performance of pulsed-mode atom interferometers, atomic clocks and ultracold atom based sensors in general. Finally, this result represents a significant step towards the development of a steady-state atom laser.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2018

Sisyphus Optical Lattice Decelerator

We experimentally demonstrate a variation on a Sisyphus cooling technique that was proposed for cooling antihydrogen. In our implementation, atoms are selectively excited to an electronic state whose energy is spatially modulated by an optical lattice, and the ensuing spontaneous decay completes one Sisyphus cooling cycle. We characterize the cooling efficiency of this technique on a continuous beam of Sr, and compare it with radiation pressure based laser cooling. We demonstrate that this technique provides similar atom number for lower end temperatures, provides additional cooling per scattering event and is compatible with other laser cooling methods. This method can be instrumental in bringing new exotic species and molecules to the ultracold regime.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2018

The RbSr $^2Σ^+$ ground state investigated via spectroscopy of hot & ultracold molecules

We report on spectroscopic studies of hot and ultracold RbSr molecules, and combine the results in an analysis that allows us to fit a potential energy curve (PEC) for the X(1)$^2Σ^+$ ground state bridging the short-to-long-range domains. The ultracold RbSr molecules are created in a $μ$K sample of Rb and Sr atoms and probed by two-colour photoassociation spectroscopy. The data yield the long-range dispersion coefficients $C_6$ and $C_8$, along with the total number of supported bound levels. The hot RbSr molecules are created in a $1000 \,$K gas mixture of Rb and Sr in a heat-pipe oven and probed by thermoluminescence and laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. We compare the hot molecule data with spectra we simulated using previously published PECs determined by three different ab-initio theoretical methods. We identify several band heads corresponding to radiative decay from the B(2)$^2Σ^+$ state to the deepest bound levels of X(1)$^2Σ^+$. We determine a mass-scaled high-precision model for X(1)$^2Σ^+$ by fitting all data using a single fit procedure. The corresponding PEC is consistent with all data, thus spanning short-to-long internuclear distances and bridging an energy gap of about 75% of the potential well depth, still uncharted by any experiment. We benchmark ab-initio PECs against our results, and give the PEC fit parameters for both X(1)$^2Σ^+$ and B(2)$^2Σ^+$ states. As first outcomes of our analysis, we calculate the $s$-wave scattering properties for all stable isotopic combinations and corroborate the locations of Fano-Feshbach resonances between alkali Rb and closed-shell Sr atoms recently observed [Barbé et al., Nat. Phys., 2018, DOI:10.1038/s41567-018-0169-x]. These results should greatly contribute to the generation of ultracold alkali$-$alkaline-earth dimers, whose applications range from quantum simulation to quantum chemistry.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2018

A steady-state magneto-optical trap with 100 fold improved phase-space density

We demonstrate a continuously loaded $^{88}\mathrm{Sr}$ magneto-optical trap (MOT) with a steady-state phase-space density of $1.3(2) \times 10^{-3}$. This is two orders of magnitude higher than reported in previous steady-state MOTs. Our approach is to flow atoms through a series of spatially separated laser cooling stages before capturing them in a MOT operated on the 7.4-kHz linewidth Sr intercombination line using a hybrid slower+MOT configuration. We also demonstrate producing a Bose-Einstein condensate at the MOT location, despite the presence of laser cooling light on resonance with the 30-MHz linewidth transition used to initially slow atoms in a separate chamber. Our steady-state high phase-space density MOT is an excellent starting point for a continuous atom laser and dead-time free atom interferometers or clocks.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2017

Observation of Feshbach resonances between alkali and closed-shell atoms

Magnetic Feshbach resonances are an invaluable tool for controlling ultracold atoms and molecules. They can be used to tune atomic interactions and have been used extensively to explore few- and many-body phenomena. They can also be used for magnetoassociation, in which pairs of atoms are converted into molecules by ramping an applied magnetic field across a resonance. Pairs of open-shell atoms, such as the alkalis, chromium, and some lanthanides, exhibit broad resonances because the corresponding molecule has multiple electronic states. However, molecules formed between alkali and closed-shell atoms have only one electronic state and no broad resonances. Narrow resonances have been predicted in such systems, but until now have eluded observation. Here we present the first observation of magnetic Feshbach resonances in a system containing a closed-shell atom, Sr, interacting with an alkali atom, Rb. These resonances pave the way to creating an ultracold gas of strongly polar, open-shell molecules, which will open up new possibilities for designing quantum many-body systems and for tests of fundamental symmetries.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2017

Observation of Bose-enhanced photoassociation products

We produce ${^{84}\mathrm{Sr}_2}$ molecules using Bose-enhanced Raman photoassociation. We apply the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) technique on a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to produce more than $8 \times 10^3$ ultracold molecules. This chemical reaction is only made possible because of the Bose enhancement of the optical transition dipole moment between the initial atomic state and an intermediate molecular state. We study the effect of Bose enhancement by measuring the transition Rabi frequency in a BEC and by comparing it with measurements for two atoms in sites of a Mott insulator. By breaking the dimers' bond and directly observing the separated atoms, we measure the molecular inelastic collision rate parameters. We discuss the possibility of applying Bose-enhanced STIRAP to convert a BEC of atoms into a BEC of molecules, and argue that the required efficiency for STIRAP is within experimental reach.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2017

Efficient production of long-lived ultracold Sr$_2$ molecules

We associate Sr atom pairs on sites of a Mott insulator optically and coherently into weakly-bound ground-state molecules, achieving an efficiency above 80\%. This efficiency is 2.5 times higher than in our previous work [S. Stellmer, B. Pasquiou, R. Grimm, and F. Schreck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 115302 (2012)] and obtained through two improvements. First, the lifetime of the molecules is increased beyond one minute by using an optical lattice wavelength that is further detuned from molecular transitions. Second, we compensate undesired dynamic light shifts that occur during the stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) used for molecule association. We also characterize and model STIRAP, providing insights into its limitations. Our work shows that significant molecule association efficiencies can be achieved even for atomic species or mixtures that lack Feshbach resonances suitable for magnetoassociation.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2013

Quantum degenerate mixtures of strontium and rubidium atoms

We report on the realization of quantum degenerate gas mixtures of the alkaline-earth element strontium with the alkali element rubidium. A key ingredient of our scheme is sympathetic cooling of Rb by Sr atoms that are continuously laser cooled on a narrow linewidth transition. This versatile technique allows us to produce ultracold gas mixtures with a phase-space density of up to 0.06 for both elements. By further evaporative cooling we create double Bose-Einstein condensates of 87Rb with either 88Sr or 84Sr, reaching more than 10^5 condensed atoms per element for the 84Sr-87Rb mixture. These quantum gas mixtures constitute an important step towards the production of a quantum gas of polar, open-shell RbSr molecules.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2013

Laser cooling to quantum degeneracy

We report on Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) in a gas of strontium atoms, using laser cooling as the only cooling mechanism. The condensate is formed within a sample that is continuously Doppler cooled to below 1\muK on a narrow-linewidth transition. The critical phase-space density for BEC is reached in a central region of the sample, in which atoms are rendered transparent for laser cooling photons. The density in this region is enhanced by an additional dipole trap potential. Thermal equilibrium between the gas in this central region and the surrounding laser cooled part of the cloud is established by elastic collisions. Condensates of up to 10^5 atoms can be repeatedly formed on a timescale of 100ms, with prospects for the generation of a continuous atom laser.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2012

Creation of ultracold Sr2 molecules in the electronic ground state

We report on the creation of ultracold 84Sr2 molecules in the electronic ground state. The molecules are formed from atom pairs on sites of an optical lattice using stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). We achieve a transfer efficiency of 30% and obtain 4x10^4 molecules with full control over the external and internal quantum state. STIRAP is performed near the narrow 1S0-3P1 intercombination transition, using a vibrational level of the 0u potential as intermediate state. In preparation of our molecule association scheme, we have determined the binding energies of the last vibrational levels of the 0u, 1u excited-state, and the 1Σ_g^+ ground-state potentials. Our work overcomes the previous limitation of STIRAP schemes to systems with Feshbach resonances, thereby establishing a route that is applicable to many systems beyond bi-alkalis.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗

arXiv2011

Spontaneous demagnetization of a dipolar spinor Bose gas at ultra-low magnetic field

Quantum degenerate Bose gases with an internal degree of freedom, known as spinor condensates, are natural candidates to study the interplay between magnetism and superfluidity. In the spinor condensates made of alkali atoms studied so far, the spinor properties are set by contact interactions, while magnetization is dynamically frozen, due to small magnetic dipole-dipole interactions. Here, we study the spinor properties of S=3 $^{52}$Cr atoms, in which relatively strong dipole-dipole interactions allow changes in magnetization. We observe a phase transition between a ferromagnetic phase and an unpolarized phase when the magnetic field is quenched to an extremely low value, below which interactions overwhelm the linear Zeeman effect. The BEC magnetization changes due to magnetic dipole-dipole interactions that set the dynamics. Our work opens up the experimental study of quantum magnetism with free magnetization using ultra-cold atoms.

cond-mat.quant-gas↗