Hydrodynamics and propulsive efficiency of stern-sculling propulsion
Stern-sculling is a traditional form of human-powered boat propulsion in which a single oar is oscillated laterally at the stern. In this study, we investigate this propulsion technique from a hydrodynamic perspective by continuously measuring the oar kinematics, the boat motion, and the forces acting on the oar across a broad range of boat speeds. During the lateral strokes, lift serves as the main propulsive force, whereas during the backward strokes, propulsion is primarily associated with added-mass effects. These measurements allow us to determine the propulsive efficiency as a function of boat speed. The efficiency peaks at approximately 65\% at an intermediate speed and then decreases progressively to approximately 25\% at higher speeds. These results provide insight into the hydrodynamic mechanisms governing this traditional mode of propulsion and highlight the effectiveness of stern-sculling at moderate speeds.