arXiv subjects

Bikash Kumar Paul

Publications and source records attributed to Bikash Kumar Paul.

8 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Explainable AI for Chronic Kidney Disease Prediction Using Simulated Federated Learning

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function, remains a significant public health challenge. Early detection is crucial for preventing severe complications and enhancing patient outcomes. In this study, Federated Learning (FL) with a VotingClassifier was used to predict CKD using a clinical dataset, where Random Forest, AdaBoost, and XGBoost were utilized to compare and identify the best-fitting model for the global server. Additionally, GridSearchCV was applied to optimize the models' performance on the client's side. To enhance model transparency and trustworthiness, explainable AI (XAI) techniques were incorporated to interpret the prediction mechanisms. The global model's average accuracy was 99%, highlighting the potential of interpretable FL models in supporting early CKD diagnosis and advancing data-driven healthcare solutions.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2026

Spatial Prediction of Soil Microplastics and Organic Matter Using Graph Attention Networks

Accurate estimation of soil microplastics and organic matter is essential to assess ecosystem health and support sustainable land use. This study presents a graph-based deep learning approach using Graph Attention Networks (GATs) to model spatial dependencies among 91 georeferenced soil samples. By incorporating spatial coordinates, soil properties, and land use data, a two-layer GAT architecture was developed to capture local interactions. The final model showed strong performance, achieving RMSEs of 625.06 ($R^2 = 0.87$) for microplastics and 0.43 ($R^2 = 0.91$) for organic matter. However, cross-validation results revealed limited generalization, probably due to the small sample size and sparse graph structure. These findings demonstrate the potential of GATs for spatial soil prediction and underscore the need for dense datasets and improved graph connectivity.

cs.LG↗

arXiv2026

CLIN-LLM: A Safety-Constrained Hybrid Framework for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Generation

Accurate symptom-to-disease classification and clinically grounded treatment recommendations remain challenging, particularly in heterogeneous patient settings with high diagnostic risk. Existing large language model (LLM)-based systems often lack medical grounding and fail to quantify uncertainty, resulting in unsafe outputs. We propose CLIN-LLM, a safety-constrained hybrid pipeline that integrates multimodal patient encoding, uncertainty-calibrated disease classification, and retrieval-augmented treatment generation. The framework fine-tunes BioBERT on 1,200 clinical cases from the Symptom2Disease dataset and incorporates Focal Loss with Monte Carlo Dropout to enable confidence-aware predictions from free-text symptoms and structured vitals. Low-certainty cases (18%) are automatically flagged for expert review, ensuring human oversight. For treatment generation, CLIN-LLM employs Biomedical Sentence-BERT to retrieve top-k relevant dialogues from the 260,000-sample MedDialog corpus. The retrieved evidence and patient context are fed into a fine-tuned FLAN-T5 model for personalized treatment generation, followed by post-processing with RxNorm for antibiotic stewardship and drug-drug interaction (DDI) screening. CLIN-LLM achieves 98% accuracy and F1 score, outperforming ClinicalBERT by 7.1% (p < 0.001), with 78% top-5 retrieval precision and a clinician-rated validity of 4.2 out of 5. Unsafe antibiotic suggestions are reduced by 67% compared to GPT-5. These results demonstrate CLIN-LLM's robustness, interpretability, and clinical safety alignment. The proposed system provides a deployable, human-in-the-loop decision support framework for resource-limited healthcare environments. Future work includes integrating imaging and lab data, multilingual extensions, and clinical trial validation.

cs.AI↗

arXiv2026

ReDAG-RT: Global Rate-Priority Scheduling for Real-Time Multi-DAG Execution in ROS 2

ROS 2 has become a dominant middleware for robotic systems, where perception, estimation, planning, and control pipelines are structured as directed acyclic graphs of callbacks executed under a shared executor. However, default ROS 2 executors use best-effort dispatch without cross-DAG priority enforcement, leading to callback contention, structural priority inversion, and deadline instability under concurrent workloads. These limitations restrict deployment in time-critical and safety-sensitive cyber-physical systems. This paper presents ReDAGRT, a user-space global scheduling framework for deterministic multi-DAG execution in unmodified ROS 2. The framework introduces a Rate-Priority driven global ready queue that orders callbacks by activation rate, enforces per-DAG concurrency bounds, and mitigates cross-graph priority inversion without modifying the ROS 2 API, executor interface, or underlying operating system scheduler. We formalize a multi-DAG task model for ROS 2 callback pipelines and analyze cross-DAG interference under Rate-Priority scheduling. Response-time recurrences and schedulability conditions are derived within classical Rate-Monotonic theory. Experiments in a ROS 2 Humble environment compare ReDAGRT against SingleThreadedExecutor and MultiThreadedExecutor using synthetic multi-DAG workloads. Results show up to 29.7 percent reduction in deadline miss rate, 42.9 percent reduction in 99th percentile response time, and 13.7 percent improvement over MultiThreadedExecutor under comparable utilization. Asymmetric per-DAG concurrency bounds further reduce interference by 40.8 percent. These results demonstrate that deterministic and analyzable multi-DAG scheduling can be achieved entirely in the ROS 2 user-space execution layer, providing a practical foundation for real-time robotic middleware in safety-critical systems.

cs.RO↗

arXiv2025

LLM4Cell: A Survey of Large Language and Agentic Models for Single-Cell Biology

Large language models (LLMs) and emerging agentic frameworks are beginning to transform single-cell biology by enabling natural-language reasoning, generative annotation, and multimodal data integration. However, progress remains fragmented across data modalities, architectures, and evaluation standards. LLM4Cell presents the first unified survey of 58 foundation and agentic models developed for single-cell research, spanning RNA, ATAC, multi-omic, and spatial modalities. We categorize these methods into five families-foundation, text-bridge, spatial, multimodal, epigenomic, and agentic-and map them to eight key analytical tasks including annotation, trajectory and perturbation modeling, and drug-response prediction. Drawing on over 40 public datasets, we analyze benchmark suitability, data diversity, and ethical or scalability constraints, and evaluate models across 10 domain dimensions covering biological grounding, multi-omics alignment, fairness, privacy, and explainability. By linking datasets, models, and evaluation domains, LLM4Cell provides the first integrated view of language-driven single-cell intelligence and outlines open challenges in interpretability, standardization, and trustworthy model development.

cs.CL↗

arXiv2025

Colon Polyps Detection from Colonoscopy Images Using Deep Learning

Colon polyps are precursors to colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early detection is critical for improving patient outcomes. This study investigates the application of deep learning-based object detection for early polyp identification using colonoscopy images. We utilize the Kvasir-SEG dataset, applying extensive data augmentation and splitting the data into training (80\%), validation (20\% of training), and testing (20\%) sets. Three variants of the YOLOv5 architecture (YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l) are evaluated. Experimental results show that YOLOv5l outperforms the other variants, achieving a mean average precision (mAP) of 85.1\%, with the highest average Intersection over Union (IoU) of 0.86. These findings demonstrate that YOLOv5l provides superior detection performance for colon polyp localization, offering a promising tool for enhancing colorectal cancer screening accuracy.

eess.IV↗

arXiv2024

Exploring Gene Regulatory Interaction Networks and predicting therapeutic molecules for Hypopharyngeal Cancer and EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma

With the advent of Information technology, the Bioinformatics research field is becoming increasingly attractive to researchers and academicians. The recent development of various Bioinformatics toolkits has facilitated the rapid processing and analysis of vast quantities of biological data for human perception. Most studies focus on locating two connected diseases and making some observations to construct diverse gene regulatory interaction networks, a forerunner to general drug design for curing illness. For instance, Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease that is associated with EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, we select EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma and Hypopharyngeal cancer by finding the Lung metastases in hypopharyngeal cancer. To conduct this study, we collect Mircorarray datasets from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), an online database controlled by NCBI. Differentially expressed genes, common genes, and hub genes between the selected two diseases are detected for the succeeding move. Our research findings have suggested common therapeutic molecules for the selected diseases based on 10 hub genes with the highest interactions according to the degree topology method and the maximum clique centrality (MCC). Our suggested therapeutic molecules will be fruitful for patients with those two diseases simultaneously.

q-bio.GN↗

arXiv2018

Development of Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Gas/ Chemical Sensors

The development of highly-sensitive and miniaturized sensors that capable of real-time analytes detection is highly desirable. Nowadays, toxic or colorless gas detection, air pollution monitoring, harmful chemical, pressure, strain, humidity, and temperature sensors based on photonic crystal fiber (PCF) are increasing rapidly due to its compact structure, fast response and efficient light controlling capabilities. The propagating light through the PCF can be controlled by varying the structural parameters and core-cladding materials, as a result, evanescent field can be enhanced significantly which is the main component of the PCF based gas/chemical sensors. The aim of this chapter is to (1) describe the principle operation of PCF based gas/ chemical sensors, (2) discuss the important PCF properties for optical sensors, (3) extensively discuss the different types of microstructured optical fiber based gas/ chemical sensors, (4) study the effects of different core-cladding shapes, and fiber background materials on sensing performance, and (5) highlight the main challenges of PCF based gas/ chemical sensors and possible solutions.

physics.app-ph↗