Synergism in radiation effects in condensed matter. Fundamental and application aspects
The impressive success achieved by condensed matter radiation physics over its 170-year development period is related to the solution of problems in three areas, the emergence of new materials, the development of new sources of radiation, and the formulation of new concepts with a wide range of applications. In the borderlands of the 20th and 21st centuries, significant changes occurred in each of these aspects (not-so-catastrophic disasters, R. Tom). A major role was played by the emergence of a new ideology - Complexity, which led to the birth of four paradigms, self-organization, dynamic chaos, self-organized criticality and nonadditivity (the first three are related to the concept of synergetics, the fourth - synergism). This article is devoted to radiation synergism, with an emphasis on combinations of radiation and other effects. It presents methods of graphical techniques to identify the specific issue of synergism effects, which is the non-additivity of the overall radiation effect. A parameter expression is proposed to account for the non-additivity of the radiation effect in the experiment, which can be compared to the q parameter introduced by Tsallis in the general science of Complexity, opening up new possibilities in condensed matter radiation physics for both living and non-living objects.