arXiv subjects

Brandon Curd

Publications and source records attributed to Brandon Curd.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Dynamics and geometry of the inner sub-parsec-scale jet in 3C 279 observed with the Event Horizon Telescope

The 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations resolve the innermost jet region of the blazar 3C279 with unprecedented detail. The reconstructed images consistently reveal a compact core elongated nearly orthogonal to the large-scale jet axis. This rarely observed morphology recurs across multiple epochs and from 22-230 GHz and is therefore intrinsic rather than an imaging artifact. Geometric model fitting identifies several components with apparent speeds up to 10c, requiring bulk Lorentz factors greater than 10.3 and constraining viewing angles to extremely small values (smaller than one degree). Rest-frame brightness temperatures are systematically low (between 10^9 and 10^10 K), consistent with optically thin emission at 230 GHz. These results suggest that the jet bends toward the observer on sub-parsec scales, producing strong relativistic beaming. Possible drivers of the observed jet bending and temporal evolution include the jet's interaction with the interstellar medium, kink or Kelvin--Helmholtz instabilities, magnetic reconnection near the horizon, or binary-induced precession. However, the current temporal coverage of VLBI data remains insufficient to distinguish between these mechanisms. Continued multifrequency VLBI monitoring will be essential to constraining the dynamics and geometry of the jet base in 3C279.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Broadband multiwavelength properties of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope campaign

The archetypal blazar 3C 279 hosts a prominent relativistic jet and exhibits strong broadband variability across the electromagnetic spectrum. In April 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed 3C 279, alongside one of the most extensive quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength (MWL) campaigns ever conducted. With the aim of investigating the physical processes governing 3C 279, we analyzed individual observations and multiband light curves, and constructed a new quasi-simultaneous MWL spectrum. We also performed phenomenological modeling using the turbulent extreme multi-zone (TEMZ) model to constrain the fundamental physical properties of the source. The EHT observations reveal a clear flux increase in the innermost core between April 5 and 11, 2017. Over a broader timescale, radio measurements at longer wavelengths show concurrent enhancements in core flux and polarization around mid-April, coinciding with the ejection of a superluminal knot. Record UV-optical flares with strong polarization variability occurred in late March, followed by gamma-ray activity that declined before the end of the EHT observing period. During this interval, the source remained in a low X-ray state and showed no detectable VHE emission. The TEMZ modeling suggests that the broadband spectrum and variability of 3C 279 can be explained within a jet scenario in which turbulent plasma cells are compressed by a stationary conical shock. However, alternative interpretations, such as magnetic reconnection or a moving shock-in-jet event, remain plausible. This coordinated MWL campaign advances our understanding of the origin of jet and gamma-ray emission in 3C 279, while also providing a comprehensive publicly available dataset that will serve as a valuable reference for future studies.

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arXiv2026

GRRMHD Simulations of State Transitions in Non-Jetted Tidal Disruption Events

Circularization of the stream material into a debris cloud during tidal disruption events (TDEs) was recently demonstrated in one of the most accurate long duration TDE simulations to-date. The cooling envelope model (CEM) provides a description of the circularized debris cloud and its emission over time well beyond circularization across different disruption parameters. In the CEM, sub-Eddington accretion rates occur early in TDEs and the debris has a shallow density profile of roughly $\rho \propto r^{-1}$, with Eddington accretion only being achieved after several months. To explore the late stages of the CEM, we perform general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of magnetized tori adapted from the near Eddington phase of the CEM for a $1M_\odot$ star disrupted around a $10^7 M_\odot$ black hole (BH). We find that the disk becomes thermally unstable within 17.1-46.5 days depending on the spin of the BH. Thermal spectra show a soft X-ray excess prior to collapse, with a nearly two order of magnitude decline in X-ray luminosity upon disk collapse. Furthermore, the evolution of the blackbody radius and temperature of our models are correlated with the spin of the black hole. The spectral properties and soft X-ray luminosity in our models are similar to the TDE AT2021ehb, which is a non-jetted TDE with late X-rays and a state transition after $\approx 271$ days.

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arXiv2026

Full-polarization millimeter wavelength variability of Sagittarius A* during the 2018 EHT campaign

Sagittarius A* (Srg A*), the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, provides a unique laboratory to study accretion dynamics and plasma processes near the event horizon. We investigated the variability and polarization properties of Srg A* using ALMA observations during the 2018 Event Horizon Telescope campaign. We analyzed high-cadence full-polarization light curves from ALMA at millimeter wavelengths, performed time-series analysis, and investigated the temporal behavior during an X-ray flare observed by Chandra on 2018 April 24. The variability characteristics are compared with expectations from standard accretion flow models. We find low variability in total intensity ($\sigma/\mu < 10\%$), but significantly higher variability in linear and circular polarization (~ 30% and ~ 50%, respectively). A time-series analysis reveals red-noise variability, with power spectral densities between -2 and -3 across all Stokes parameters. Polarized intensity shows stable intra-day timescales, while total intensity exhibits more variable timescales, suggesting distinct emission regions, with polarization likely arising from a coherent structure. On April 24, a statistically significant inter-band delay in polarized intensity coincides with a near-simultaneous X-ray and millimeter peak that deviates from the typical delayed flare scenario. This event also features enhanced millimeter variability and coherent polarization loop evolution. The observed simultaneity challenges standard models of transient synchrotron emission with cooling delays, favoring instead a scenario of continuous energy injection in an optically thin region. Our results offer new constraints on the physical mechanisms driving variability in Srg A*, and provide key observational input for refining theoretical models of accretion and plasma behavior in the vicinity of supermassive black holes.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2026

Locating the missing large-scale emission in the jet of M87* with short EHT baselines

In Very-Long Baseline Interferometric arrays, nearly co-located stations probe the largest scales and typically cannot resolve the observed source. In the absence of large-scale structure, closure phases constructed with these stations are zero and, since they are independent of station-based errors, they can be used to probe data issues. Here, we show with an expansion about co-located stations, how these trivial closure phases become non-zero with brightness distribution on smaller scales than their short baseline would suggest. When applied to sources that are made up of a bright compact and large-scale diffuse component, the trivial closure phases directly measure the centroid relative to the compact source and higher-order image moments. We present a technique to measure these image moments with minimal model assumptions and validate it on synthetic Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data. We then apply this technique to 2017 and 2018 EHT observations of M87* and find a weak preference for extended emission in the direction of the large-scale jet. We also apply it to 2021 EHT data and measure the source centroid about 1 mas northwest of the compact ring, consistent with the jet observed at lower frequencies.

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arXiv2026

Ring Asymmetry and Spin in M87*

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of the supermassive black hole M87* depict an asymmetric ring of emission. General relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of M87* and its accretion disk predict that the amplitude and location of the ring's peak brightness asymmetry should fluctuate due to turbulence in the source plasma. We compare the observed distribution of brightness asymmetry amplitudes to the simulated distribution in GRMHD models, across varying black hole spin $a_{*}$. We show that, for strongly magnetized (MAD) models, three epochs of EHT data marginally disfavor $|a_{*}| \lesssim 0.2$. This is consistent with the Blandford-Znajek model for M87's jet, which predicts that M87* should have nonzero spin. We show quantitatively how future observations could improve spin constraints, and discuss how improved spin constraints could distinguish between differing jet-launching mechanisms and black hole growth scenarios.

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arXiv2025

Probing jet base emission of M87* with the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope observations

We investigate the presence and spatial characteristics of the jet base emission in M87* at 230 GHz, enabled by the enhanced uv coverage in the 2021 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The addition of the 12-m Kitt Peak Telescope and NOEMA provides two key intermediate-length baselines to SMT and the IRAM 30-m, giving sensitivity to emission structures at scales of $\sim250~\mu$as and $\sim2500~\mu$as (0.02 pc and 0.2 pc). Without these baselines, earlier EHT observations lacked the capability to constrain emission on large scales, where a "missing flux" of order $\sim1$ Jy is expected. To probe these scales, we analyzed closure phases, robust against station-based gain errors, and modeled the jet base emission using a simple Gaussian offset from the compact ring emission at separations $>100~\mu$as. Our analysis reveals a Gaussian feature centered at ($\Delta$RA $\approx320~\mu$as, $\Delta$Dec $\approx60~\mu$as), a projected separation of $\approx5500$ AU, with a flux density of only $\sim60$ mJy, implying that most of the missing flux in previous studies must arise from larger scales. Brighter emission at these scales is ruled out, and the data do not favor more complex models. This component aligns with the inferred direction of the large-scale jet and is consistent with emission from the jet base. While our findings indicate detectable jet base emission at 230 GHz, coverage from only two intermediate baselines limits reconstruction of its morphology. We therefore treat the recovered Gaussian as an upper limit on the jet base flux density. Future EHT observations with expanded intermediate-baseline coverage will be essential to constrain the structure and nature of this component.

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arXiv2025

Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*

We investigate the origin of the elliptical ring structure observed in the images of the supermassive black hole M87*, aiming to disentangle contributions from gravitational, astrophysical, and imaging effects. Leveraging the enhanced capabilities of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 2018 array, including improved $(u,v)$-coverage from the Greenland Telescope, we measure the ring's ellipticity using five independent imaging methods, obtaining a consistent average value of $\tau = 0.08_{-0.02}^{+0.03}$ with a position angle $\xi = 50.1_{-7.6}^{+6.2}$ degrees. To interpret this measurement, we compare against General Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations spanning a wide range of physical parameters including thermal or non-thermal electron distribution function, spins, and ion-to-electron temperature ratios in both low and high-density regions. We find no statistically significant correlation between spin and ellipticity in GRMHD images. Instead, we identify a correlation between ellipticity and the fraction of non-ring emission, particularly in non-thermal models and models with higher jet emission. These results indicate that the ellipticity measured from the \m87 emission structure is consistent with that expected from simulations of turbulent accretion flows around black holes, where it is dominated by astrophysical effects rather than gravitational ones. Future high-resolution imaging, including space very long baseline interferometry and long-term monitoring, will be essential to isolate gravitational signatures from astrophysical effects.

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arXiv2025

A multi-frequency study of sub-parsec jets with the Event Horizon Telescope

The 2017 observing campaign of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) delivered the first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images at the observing frequency of 230 GHz, leading to a number of unique studies on black holes and relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei (AGN). In total, eighteen sources were observed: the main science targets, Sgr A* and M87 along with various calibrators. We investigated the morphology of the sixteen AGN in the EHT 2017 data set, focusing on the properties of the VLBI cores: size, flux density, and brightness temperature. We studied their dependence on the observing frequency in order to compare it with the Blandford-K\"onigl (BK) jet model. We modeled the source structure of seven AGN in the EHT 2017 data set using linearly polarized circular Gaussian components and collected results for the other nine AGN from dedicated EHT publications, complemented by lower frequency data in the 2-86 GHz range. Then, we studied the dependences of the VLBI core flux density, size, and brightness temperature on the frequency measured in the AGN host frame. We compared the observations with the BK jet model and estimated the magnetic field strength dependence on the distance from the central black hole. Our results indicate a deviation from the standard BK model, particularly in the decrease of the brightness temperature with the observing frequency. Either bulk acceleration of the jet material, energy transfer from the magnetic field to the particles, or both are required to explain the observations.

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arXiv2024

Accreting Primordial Black Holes: Dark Matter Constituents

We show scenarios in which primordial black hole accretion under the magnetorotational instability (MRI) uniquely relates the density of the early Universe to the abundance of present day dark matter. We demonstrate via long duration general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations that MRI-dominated accretion at least hundreds of gravitational radii from black holes can occur under conditions expected in the Positronium Era. We thereby identify that the positronium plasma that existed 0.01 s to 14 s into the Big Bang can serve as the primary source of mass that augmented primordial black hole seeds to 10^16-10^17g black holes contributing to dark matter today. This population of black holes, in turn, radiates in a manner consistent with the observed gamma ray background. At a time of uncertainty about the role of new kinds of particles, the better understood primordial black hole MRI accretion process may be the best way to pin down how much dark matter mass lies behind horizons versus new dark sector particles.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Jet Tilt Instability from Stream-Disk Interactions in MAD Disks

Magnetically arrested accretion disks (MADs) around a rapidly rotating black hole (BH) have been proposed as a model for jetted tidal disruption events (TDEs). However, the stream and disk interact strongly at times, and this will lead to different dynamics than expected in the standard MAD model. Here we employ global GRMHD simulations of a MAD disk interacting with an injected stream with a penetrating pericenter $R_p\sim 10 r_g$ and a range of density contrasts $f_\rho\equiv \rho_d/\rho_s$, or how dense the disk is relative to the stream. We demonstrate for the first time that a MAD or semi-MAD state can be sustained and jets powered by the BH spin can be produced even when the stream is much denser than the disk, i.e. in the first month(s) of a jetted TDE. We also demonstrate that the strength of the self-intersection shock decreases as $f_\rho$, and time, increases. The jet or funnel can become significantly tilted (by $10-30^\circ$) due to the self-intersection outflow when $f_\rho \leq 0.1$. In models with a powerful jet and $f_\rho\leq 0.01$, the tilted jet interacts with and ultimately tilts the disk by as much as 23 degrees from the incoming stream and this tilted state is stable for the duration of the simulation. As $f_\rho$ increases, the tilt of the jet and disk is expected to realign with the BH spin once $f_\rho \geq 0.1$. The jet tilt could rapidly realign due to outer disk collapse or the self-intersection radius increasing. Our results provide an alternative explanation for the observed X-ray jet shut-off in days-weeks in jetted TDEs.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

On the Comparison of AGN with GRMHD Simulations: II. M87

Horizon-scale observations of the jetted active galactic nucleus M87 are compared with simulations spanning a broad range of dissipation mechanisms and plasma content in three-dimensional general relativistic flows around spinning black holes. Observations of synchrotron radiation from radio to X-ray frequencies can be compared with simulations by adding prescriptions specifying the relativistic electron-plus-positron distribution function and associated radiative transfer coefficients. A suite of time-varying simulations with various spins, plasma magnetizations and turbulent heating and equipartition-based emission prescriptions (and piecewise combinations thereof) is chosen to represent distinct possibilities for the M87 jet/accretion flow/black hole (JAB) system. Simulation jet morphology, polarization and variation are then "observed" and compared with real observations to infer the rules that govern the polarized emissivity. Our models support several possible spin/emission model/plasma composition combinations supplying the jet in M87, whose black hole shadow has been observed down to the photon ring at 230 GHz by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). Net linear polarization and circular polarization constraints favor magnetically arrested disk (MAD) models whereas resolved linear polarization favors standard and normal evolution (SANE) in our parameter space. We also show that some MAD cases dominated by intrinsic circular polarization have near-linear V/I dependence on unpaired electron or positron content while SANE polarization exhibits markedly greater positron-dependent Faraday effects - future probes of the SANE/MAD dichotomy and plasma content with the EHT. This is the second work in a series also applying the "observing" simulations methodology to near-horizon regions of supermassive black holes in Sgr A* and 3C 279.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2023

Recipes for Jet Feedback and Spin Evolution of Black Holes with Strongly-Magnetized Super-Eddington Accretion Disks

A spinning black hole accreting from a disk of strongly magnetized plasma via a magnetically arrested disk is known to produce an efficient electromagnetic jet powered by the black hole's spin energy. We present general relativistic radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulations of magnetically arrested systems covering a range of sub- to super-Eddington accretion rates. Using the numerical results from these simulations, we develop formulae to describe the magnetization, jet efficiency, and spin evolution of an accreting black hole as a function of its spin and accretion rate. A black hole with near-Eddington accretion experiences a mild degree of spin-down because of angular momentum loss through the jet, leading to an equilibrium spin of 0.8 rather than 1.0 at the Eddington limit. As the accretion rate increases above Eddington, the spin-down effect becomes progressively stronger, ultimately converging on previous predictions based on non-radiative simulations. In particular, spin evolution drives highly super-Eddington systems toward a black hole spin near zero. The formulae developed in this letter may be applied to galaxy and cosmological scale simulations that include black holes. If magnetically arrested disk accretion is common among supermassive black holes, the present results have broad implications for active galactic nucleus feedback and cosmological spin evolution.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Modeling Reconstructed Images of Jets Launched by SANE Super-Eddington Accretion Flows Around SMBHs with the ngEHT

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) around super massive black holes (SMBHs) are a potential laboratory to study super-Eddington accretion disks and sometimes result in powerful jets or outflows which may shine in the radio and sub millimeter bands. In this work, we model the thermal synchrotron emission of jets from general relativistic radiation magneto-hydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of a BH accretion disk/jet system which assumes the TDE resulted in a magnetized accretion disk around a BH accreting at $\sim 12-25$ times the Eddington accretion rate. Through synthetic observations with the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT) and an image reconstruction analysis, we demonstrate that TDE jets may provide compelling targets, within the context of the models explored in this work. In particular, we find that jets launched by a SANE super-Eddington disk around a spin $a_*=0.9$ reach the ngEHT detection threshold at large distances (up to 100 Mpc in this work). A two-temperature plasma in the jet or weaker jets, such as a spin $a_*=0$ model, requires a much closer distance as we demonstrate detection at 10 Mpc for limiting cases of $a_*=0,\,\mathcal{R}=1$ or $a_*=0.9,\, \mathcal{R}=20$. We also demonstrate that TDE jets may appear as superluminal sources if the BH is rapidly rotating and the jet is viewed nearly face on.

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arXiv2022

Probing plasma composition with the next generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT)

We explore the plasma matter content in the innermost accretion disk/jet in M87* as relevant for an enthusiastic search for the signatures of anti-matter in the next generation of the Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT). We model the impact of non-zero positron-to-electron ratio using different emission models including a constant electron to magnetic pressure (constant $\beta_e$ model) with a population of non-thermal electrons as well as a R-beta model populated with thermal electrons. In the former case, we pick a semi-analytic fit to the force-free region of a general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation, while in the latter case, we analyze the GRMHD simulations directly. In both cases, positrons are being added at the post-processing level. We generate polarized images and spectra for some of these models and find out that at the radio frequencies, both of the linear and the circular polarizations get enhanced per adding pairs. On the contrary, we show that at higher frequencies a substantial positron fraction washes out the circular polarization. We report strong degeneracies between different emission models and the positron fraction, though our non-thermal models show more sensitivities to the pair fraction than the thermal models. We conclude that a large theoretical image library is indeed required to fully understand the trends probed in this study, and to place them in the context of large set of parameters which also affect polarimetric images, such as magnetic field strength, black hole spin, and detailed aspects of the electron temperature and the distribution function.

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arXiv2022

Emission Modeling in the EHT-ngEHT Age

This work proposes a methodology to test phenomenologically-motivated emission processes that account for the flux and polarization distribution and global structure of the 230 GHz sources imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT): Messier (M)87* and Sagittarius (Sgr) A*. We introduce to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations some novel models to bridge the largely uncertain mechanisms by which high-energy particles in jet/accretion flow/black hole (JAB) system plasmas attain billion degree temperatures and emit synchrotron radiation. The "Observing" JAB Systems methodology then partitions the simulation to apply different parametric models to regions governed by different plasma physics -- an advance over methods where one parametrization is used over simulation regions spanning thousands of gravitational radii from the central supermassive black hole. We present several classes of viewing-angle dependent morphologies, and highlight signatures of piecewise modeling and positron effects -- including a MAD/SANE dichotomy in which polarized maps appear dominated by intrinsic polarization in the MAD case and by Faraday effects in the SANE case. The library of images thus produced spans a wide range of morphologies awaiting discovery by the groundbreaking EHT instrument and its yet more sensitive, higher resolution next-generation counterpart ngEHT.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

GRRMHD Simulations of MAD Accretion Disks Declining from Super-Eddington to Sub-Eddington Accretion Rates

We present two general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of magnetically arrested disks (MADs) around non-spinning ($a_*=0$) and spinning ($a_*=0.9$) supermassive black holes (BHs). In each simulation, the mass accretion rate is decreased with time such that we sample Eddington-scaled rates over the range $3 \gtrsim \dot{M}/\dot{M}_{\rm{Edd}}\gtrsim 0.3$. For the non-spinning BH model, the total and radiative efficiencies increase as the accretion rate decreases, varying over the range $\eta_{\rm{tot}}\sim9-16\%$ and $\eta_{\rm{rad}}\sim6-12\%$, respectively. This model shows very little jet activity. In contrast, the spinning BH model has a strong relativistic jet powered by spin energy extracted from the BH. The jet power declines with accretion rate such that $\eta_{\rm{jet}}\sim 18-39\%$ while the total and radiative efficiencies are $\eta_{\rm{tot}}\sim 64-100\%$ and $\eta_{\rm{rad}}\sim 45-79\%$, respectively. We confirm that mildly sub-Eddington disks can extract substantial power from a spinning BH, provided they are in the MAD state. The jet profile out to $100\, GM/c^2$ is roughly parabolic with a power-law index of $k\approx0.43-0.53$ during the sub-Eddington evolution. Both models show significant variability in the outgoing radiation which is likely associated with episodes of magnetic flux eruptions. The $a_*=0.9$ model shows semi-regular variations with a period of $\sim2000\, GM/c^3$ over the final $\sim10,000\, GM/c^3$ of the simulation, which suggests that magnetic flux eruptions may be an important source of quasi-periodic variability. For the simulated accretion rates, the $a_*=0$ model is spinning up while the $a_*=0.9$ model is spinning down. Spinup-spindown equilibrium of the BH will likely be achieved at $0.5 < a_{*,{\rm{eq}}} < 0.6$, assuming continuous accretion in the MAD state.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2022

Jets from SANE Super-Eddington Accretion Disks: Morphology, Spectra, and Their Potential as Targets for ngEHT

We present general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics (GRRMHD) simulations of super-Eddington accretion flows around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) which may apply to tidal disruption events (TDEs). We perform long duration ($t\geq81,200\, GM/c^3$) simulations which achieve mass accretion rates $\gtrsim 11$ times the Eddington rate and produce thermal synchrotron spectra and images of their jets. The jet reaches a maximum velocity of $v/c \approx 0.5-0.9$, but the density weighted outflow velocity is $\sim0.2-0.35c$. Gas flowing beyond the funnel wall expands conically and drives a strong shock at the jet head while variable mass ejection along the jet axis results in internal shocks and dissipation. For a $T_i/T_e=1$ model, the radio/submillimeter spectra peak at $>100$ GHz and the luminosity increases with BH spin, exceeding $\sim 10^{41} \, \rm{erg\, s^{-1}}$ in the brightest models. The emission is extremely sensitive to $T_i/T_e$ as some models show an order of magnitude decrease in the peak frequency and up to four orders of magnitude decline in their radio/submillimeter luminosity as $T_i/T_e$ approaches 20. Assuming a maximum VLBI baseline distance of $10 \ {\rm{G}}\lambda$, 230 GHz images of $T_i/T_e=1$ models shows that the jet head may be bright enough for its motion to be captured with the EHT (ngEHT) at $D\lesssim110$ (180) Mpc at the $5\sigma$ significance level. Resolving emission from internal shocks requires $D\lesssim45$ Mpc for both the EHT or ngEHT. The 5 GHz emission in each model is dimmer ($\lesssim10^{36} \ {\rm{erg\, s^{-1}}}$) than upper limits placed on TDEs with no radio emission which suggests jets similar to our models may have gone undetected in previous observations. Our models suggest that the ngEHT may be utilized for $>230$ GHz radio/submillimeter followup of future TDEs.

astro-ph.HE↗