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Brent Nelson

Publications and source records attributed to Brent Nelson.

36 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Free products of finite-dimensional and other von Neumann algebras in terms of free Araki-Woods factors

We show that any free product of finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras equipped with non-tracial states is isomorphic to a free Araki-Woods factor with its free quasi-free state possibly direct sum a finite-dimensional von Neumann algebra. This gives a complete answer to questions posed by Dykema and Shlyakhtenko, which had been partially answered by work of Houdayer and work of Ueda. We also extend this to suitable infinite-dimensional von Neumann algebras with almost periodic states.

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A random matrix approach to absorption in free products

This paper gives a free entropy theoretic perspective on amenable absorption results for free products of tracial von Neumann algebras. In particular, we give the first free entropy proof of Popa's famous result that the generator MASA in a free group factor is maximal amenable, and we partially recover Houdayer's results on amenable absorption and Gamma stability. Moreover, we give a unified approach to all these results using $1$-bounded entropy. We show that if $\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{P} * \mathcal{Q}$, then $\mathcal{P}$ absorbs any subalgebra of $\mathcal{M}$ that intersects it diffusely and that has $1$-bounded entropy zero (which includes amenable and property Gamma algebras as well as many others). In fact, for a subalgebra $\mathcal{P} \leq \mathcal{M}$ to have this absorption property, it suffices for $\mathcal{M}$ to admit random matrix models that have exponential concentration of measure and that "simulate" the conditional expectation onto $\mathcal{P}$.

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On String Theory Expectations for Photon Couplings to Axion-Like Particles

ALP-photon couplings are modeled in large ensembles of string vacua and random matrix theories. In all cases, the effective coupling increases polynomially in the number of ALPs, of which hundreds or thousands are expected in the string ensembles, many of which are ultralight. The expected value of the couplings $g_{aγγ}\simeq 10^{-12}\text{GeV}^{-1} - 10^{-10}\text{GeV}^{-1}$ provide viable targets for future x-ray telescopes and axion helioscopes, and in some cases are already in tension with existing data.

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Free Stein Irregularity and Dimension

We introduce a free probabilistic quantity called free Stein irregularity, which is defined in terms of free Stein discrepancies. It turns out that this quantity is related via a simple formula to the Murray--von Neumann dimension of the closure of the domain of the adjoint of the non-commutative Jacobian associated to Voiculescu's free difference quotients. We call this dimension the free Stein dimension, and show that it is a $*$-algebra invariant. We relate these quantities to the free Fisher information, the non-microstates free entropy, and the non-microstates free entropy dimension. In the one-variable case, we show that the free Stein dimension agrees with the free entropy dimension, and in the multivariable case compute it in a number of examples.

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Branes with Brains: Exploring String Vacua with Deep Reinforcement Learning

We propose deep reinforcement learning as a model-free method for exploring the landscape of string vacua. As a concrete application, we utilize an artificial intelligence agent known as an asynchronous advantage actor-critic to explore type IIA compactifications with intersecting D6-branes. As different string background configurations are explored by changing D6-brane configurations, the agent receives rewards and punishments related to string consistency conditions and proximity to Standard Model vacua. These are in turn utilized to update the agent's policy and value neural networks to improve its behavior. By reinforcement learning, the agent's performance in both tasks is significantly improved, and for some tasks it finds a factor of O(200) more solutions than a random walker. In one case, we demonstrate that the agent learns a human-derived strategy for finding consistent string models. In another case, where no human-derived strategy exists, the agent learns a genuinely new strategy that achieves the same goal twice as efficiently per unit time. Our results demonstrate that the agent learns to solve various string theory consistency conditions simultaneously, which are phrased in terms of non-linear, coupled Diophantine equations.

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On Axion Reheating in the String Landscape

We demonstrate that asymmetric reheating arises in a large ensemble of string compactifications with many axions and gauged dark sectors. This phenomenon may help avoid numerous cosmological problems that may arise if the sectors were reheated democratically. Distributions of couplings are presented for two classes of axion reheatons, both of which exhibit very small couplings to most of the gauge sectors. In one class, ratios of reheating couplings and also preferred gauge groups are frequently determined by local regions in the string geometry.

hep-th↗

Non-tracial free graph von Neumann algebras

Given a finite, directed, connected graph $Γ$ equipped with a weighting $μ$ on its edges, we provide a construction of a von Neumann algebra equipped with a faithful, normal, positive linear functional $(\mathcal{M}(Γ,μ),φ)$. When the weighting $μ$ is instead on the vertices of $Γ$, the first author showed the isomorphism class of $(\mathcal{M}(Γ,μ),φ)$ depends only on the data $(Γ,μ)$ and is an interpolated free group factor equipped with a scaling of its unique trace (possibly direct sum copies of $\mathbb{C}$). Moreover, the free dimension of the interpolated free group factor is easily computed from $μ$. In this paper, we show for a weighting $μ$ on the edges of $Γ$ that the isomorphism class of $(\mathcal{M}(Γ,μ),φ)$ depends only on the data $(Γ,μ)$, and is either as in the vertex weighting case or is a free Araki-Woods factor equipped with a scaling of its free quasi-free state (possibly direct sum copies of $\mathbb{C}$). The latter occurs when the subgroup of $\mathbb{R}^+$ generated by $μ(e_1)\cdots μ(e_n)$ for loops $e_1\cdots e_n$ in $Γ$ is non-trivial, and in this case the point spectrum of the free quasi-free state will be precisely this subgroup. As an application, we give the isomorphism type of some infinite index subfactors considered previously by Jones and Penneys.

math.OA↗

On finite free Fisher information for eigenvectors of a modular operator

Suppose $M$ is a von Neumann algebra equipped with a faithful normal state $φ$ and generated by a finite set $G=G^*$, $|G|\geq 2$. We show that if $G$ consists of eigenvectors of the modular operator $Δ_φ$ with finite free Fisher information, then the centralizer $M^φ$ is a $\mathrm{II}_1$ factor and $M$ is either a type $\mathrm{II}_1$ factor or a type $\mathrm{III}_λ$ factor, $0<λ\leq 1$, depending on the eigenvalues of $G$. Furthermore, $(M^φ)'\cap M=\mathbb{C}$, $M^φ$ does not have property $Γ$, and $M$ is full provided it is type $\mathrm{III}_λ$, $0<λ<1$.

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Free transport for interpolated free group factors

In this article, we study a form of free transport for the interpolated free group factors, extending the work of Guionnet and Shlyakhtenko for the usual free group factors. Our model for the interpolated free group factors comes from a canonical finite von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{M}(Γ, μ)$ associated to a finite, connected, weighted graph $(Γ,V,E, μ)$. With this model, we use an operator-valued version of Voiculescu's free difference quotient to state a Schwinger-Dyson equation which is valid for the generators of $\mathcal{M}(Γ, μ)$. We construct free transport for appropriate perturbations of this equation. Also, $\mathcal{M}(Γ, μ)$ can be constructed using the machinery of Shlyakhtenko's operator-valued semicircular systems

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Free monotone transport for infinite variables

We extend the free monotone transport theorem of Guionnet and Shlyakhtenko to the case of infinite variables. As a first application, we provide a criterion for when mixed $q$-Gaussian algebras are isomorphic to $L(\mathbb{F}_\infty)$; namely, when the structure array $Q$ of a mixed $q$-Gaussian algebra has uniformly small entries that decay sufficiently rapidly. Here a mixed $q$-Gaussian algebra with structure array $Q=(q_{ij})_{i,j\in\mathbb{N}}$ is the von Neumann algebra generated by $X_n^Q=l_n+l_n^*, n\in\mathbb{N}$ and $(l_n)$ are the Fock space representations of the commutation relation $l_i^*l_j-q_{ij}l_jl_i^*=δ_{i=j}, i,j\in\mathbb{N}$, $-1<q_{ij}=q_{ji}<1$.

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Free Stein kernels and an improvement of the free logarithmic Sobolev inequality

We introduce a free version of the Stein kernel, relative to a semicircular law. We use it to obtain a free counterpart of the HSI inequality of Ledoux, Peccatti and Nourdin, which is an improvement of the free logarithmic Sobolev inequality of Biane and Speicher, as well as a rate of convergence in the (multivariate) entropic free Central Limit Theorem. We also compute the free Stein kernels for several relevant families of self-adjoint operators.

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An application of free transport to mixed $q$-Gaussian algebras

We consider the mixed $q$-Gaussian algebras introduced by Speicher which are generated by the variables $X_i=l_i+l_i^*,i=1,\ldots,N$, where $l_i^* l_j-q_{ij}l_j l_i^*=δ_{i,j}$ and $-1<q_{ij}=q_{ji}<1$. Using the free monotone transport theorem of Guionnet and Shlyakhtenko, we show that the mixed $q$-Gaussian von Neumann algebras are isomorphic to the free group von Neumann algebra $L(\mathbb{F}_N)$, provided that $\max_{i,j}|q_{ij}|$ is small enough. The proof relies on some estimates which are generalizations of Dabrowski's results for the special case $q_{ij}\equiv q$.

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Free transport for finite depth subfactor planar algebras

Given a finite depth subfactor planar algebra $\mathcal{P}$ endowed with the graded $*$-algebra structures $\{Gr_k^+ \mathcal{P}\}_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ of Guionnet, Jones, and Shlyakhtenko, there is a sequence of canonical traces $Tr_{k,+}$ on $Gr_k^+\mathcal{P}$ induced by the Temperley-Lieb diagrams and a sequence of trace-preserving embeddings into the bounded operators on a Hilbert space. Via these embeddings the $*$-algebras $\{Gr_k^+\mathcal{P}\}_{k\in \mathbb{N}}$ generate a tower of non-commutative probability spaces $\{M_{k,+}\}_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$ whose inclusions recover $\mathcal{P}$ as its standard invariant. We show that traces $Tr_{k,+}^{(v)}$ induced by certain small perturbations of the Temperley-Lieb diagrams yield trace-preserving embeddings of $Gr_k^+\mathcal{P}$ that generate the same tower $\{M_{k,+}\}_{k\in\mathbb{N}}$.

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On two-faced families of non-commutative random variables

We demonstrate that the notions of bi-free independence and combinatorial-bi-free independence of two-faced families are equivalent using a diagrammatic view of bi-non-crossing partitions. These diagrams produce an operator model on a Fock space suitable for representing any two-faced family of non-commutative random variables. Furthermore, using a Kreweras complement on bi-non-crossing partitions we establish the expected formulas for the multiplicative convolution of a bi-free pair of two-faced families.

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Combinatorics of Bi-Freeness with Amalgamation

In this paper, we develop the theory of bi-freeness in an amalgamated setting. We construct the operator-valued bi-free cumulant functions, and show that the vanishing of mixed cumulants is necessary and sufficient for bi-free independence. Further, we develop a multiplicative convolution for operator-valued random variables and explore ways to construct bi-free pairs of B-faces.

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Free monotone transport without a trace

We adapt the free monotone transport results of Guionnet and Shlyakhtenko to the type $\text{III}$ case. As a direct application, we obtain that the $q$-deformed Araki-Woods algebras are isomorphic (for sufficiently small $|q|$).

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Quantum-Induced Soft Supersymmetry Breaking In Supergravity

We calculate the one-loop quantum contributions to soft supersymmetry breaking terms in the scalar potential in supergravity theories regulated à la Pauli-Villars. We find ``universal'' contributions, independent of the regulator masses and tree level soft supersymmetry breaking, that contribute gaugino masses and A-terms equal to the ``anomaly mediated'' contributions found in analyses using spurion techniques, as well as a scalar mass term not identified in those analyses. The universal terms are in general modified -- and in some cases canceled -- by model-dependent terms. Under certain restrictions on the couplings we recover the one-loop results of previous ``anomaly mediated'' supersymmetry breaking scenarios. We emphasize the model dependence of loop-induced soft terms in the potential, which are much more sensitive to the details of Planck scale physics then are the one-loop contributions to gaugino masses. We discuss the relation of our results to previous analyses.

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Gaugino Masses in Modular Invariant Supergravity

We calculate gaugino masses in string-derived models with hidden-sector gaugino condensation. The linear multiplet formulation for the dilaton superfield is used to implement perturbative modular invariance. The contribution arising from quantum effects in the observable sector includes the term recently found in generic supergravity models. A much larger contribution is present if matter fields with Standard Model gauge couplings also couple to the Green-Schwarz counter term. We comment on the relation of our Kähler U(1) superspace formalism to other calculations.

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