arXiv subjects

Brett Puppart

Publications and source records attributed to Brett Puppart.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

GenAIT: Development and Validation of an Objective Generative AI Literacy Test for High School Students

There is growing international interest in generative AI (GenAI) literacy and its assessment among high school students, but objective assessment in this population remains underdeveloped. This article reports the iterative development and validation of the GenAI Literacy Test (GenAIT), an 18-item multiple-choice test measuring high school students' conceptual knowledge about GenAI, with content spanning technical, practical, and human-impact domains. Expert review of relevance, clarity, and comprehensiveness provided evidence of content validity. In a large-scale survey of 7432 Estonian high school students, we evaluated the psychometric functioning of the Estonian-language GenAIT using confirmatory factor analysis, classical test theory, and item response theory. Results supported approximate unidimensionality, broadly adequate reliability for group-level research (marginal reliability = .72, KR-20 = .69), and good fit of a three-parameter logistic model (RMSEA = .013, TLI = .987, CFI = .990, SRMSR = .021). Measurement precision was sufficient for the majority of students but varied substantially across the latent trait, with lower precision for lower scoring students. GenAIT is therefore more suitable for group-level research than high-stakes individual classification. GenAIT scores were unrelated to perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, and negatively associated with LLM use frequency, suggesting that frequent use and favorable perceptions of AI should not be treated as proxies for conceptual understanding.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2025

Short-term AI literacy intervention does not reduce over-reliance on incorrect ChatGPT recommendations

In this study, we examined whether a short-form AI literacy intervention could reduce the adoption of incorrect recommendations from large language models. High school seniors were randomly assigned to either a control or an intervention group, which received an educational text explaining ChatGPT's working mechanism, limitations, and proper use. Participants solved math puzzles with the help of ChatGPT's recommendations, which were incorrect in half of the cases. Results showed that students adopted incorrect suggestions 52.1% of the time, indicating widespread over-reliance. The educational intervention did not significantly reduce over-reliance. Instead, it led to an increase in ignoring ChatGPT's correct recommendations. We conclude that the usage of ChatGPT is associated with over-reliance and it is not trivial to increase AI literacy to counter over-reliance.

cs.CY↗

arXiv2025

Haunted House: A text-based game for comparing the flexibility of mental models in humans and LLMs

This study introduces "Haunted House" a novel text-based game designed to compare the performance of humans and large language models (LLMs) in model-based reasoning. Players must escape from a house containing nine rooms in a 3x3 grid layout while avoiding the ghost. They are guided by verbal clues that they get each time they move. In Study 1, the results from 98 human participants revealed a success rate of 31.6%, significantly outperforming seven state-of-the-art LLMs tested. Out of 140 attempts across seven LLMs, only one attempt resulted in a pass by Claude 3 Opus. Preliminary results suggested that GPT o3-mini-high performance might be higher, but not at the human level. Further analysis of 29 human participants' moves in Study 2 indicated that LLMs frequently struggled with random and illogical moves, while humans exhibited such errors less frequently. Our findings suggest that current LLMs encounter difficulties in tasks that demand active model-based reasoning, offering inspiration for future benchmarks.

cs.HC↗