Fe3O4 Nano-octahedra/Vulcan XC72: Optimization and Combination with Solar-Based Electro-Fenton for Progestins Degradation
The widespread presence of synthetic progestins, such as levonorgestrel (LNG) and gestodene (GES), in aquatic environments poses significant ecotoxicological risks due to their endocrine-disrupting properties. In this study, nano-octahedral magnetite (Fe3O4-NO) was synthesized via a hydrothermal route and incorporated into gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) supported on Vulcan XC72 to enhance the in-situ electrogeneration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements thoroughly characterized the physicochemical and morphological properties of the materials. The 3% Fe3O4-NO/C catalyst provided a two-fold increase in H2O2 selectivity compared with Vulcan XC72. Electrochemical performance was optimized using a 2^3 factorial design and principal component analysis (PCA), with current density, pH, and Na2SO4 concentration as variables. The optimized GDE (3% Fe3O4-NO/C) achieved a maximum H2O2 production of 0.44 +/- 0.02 g L-1 with a current efficiency of 43.1 +/- 0.23% and a specific energy consumption of 0.012 +/- 0.009 kWh g-1. The electrode was further applied to the degradation of LNG and GES using solar and anodic-assisted electro-Fenton processes. Under optimal conditions, over 70% removal of both progestins was achieved, with stable performance across three operational cycles. These findings demonstrate the potential of 3% Fe3O4-NO/C-GDEs as efficient, reusable cathodes for sustainable electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) in water treatment.