Colouring the normalized Laplacian
We apply Cauchy's interlacing theorem to derive some eigenvalue bounds to the chromatic number using the normalized Laplacian matrix, including a combinatorial characterization of when equality occurs. Further, we introduce some new expansion type of parameters which generalize the Cheeger constant of a graph, and relate them to the colourings which meet our eigenvalue bound with equality. Finally, we exhibit a family of examples, which include the graphs that appear in the statement of the Erdős-Faber-Lovász conjecture.
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