arXiv subjects

C. Chua

Publications and source records attributed to C. Chua.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2021

Flopping-mode electric dipole spin resonance in phosphorus donor qubits in silicon

Single spin qubits based on phosphorus donors in silicon are a promising candidate for a large-scale quantum computer. Despite long coherence times, achieving uniform magnetic control remains a hurdle for scale-up due to challenges in high-frequency magnetic field control at the nanometre-scale. Here, we present a proposal for a flopping-mode electric dipole spin resonance qubit based on the combined electron and nuclear spin states of a double phosphorus donor quantum dot. The key advantage of utilising a donor-based system is that we can engineer the number of donor nuclei in each quantum dot. By creating multi-donor dots with antiparallel nuclear spin states and multi-electron occupation we can minimise the longitudinal magnetic field gradient, known to couple charge noise into the device and dephase the qubit. We describe the operation of the qubit and show that by minimising the hyperfine interaction of the nuclear spins we can achieve $\pi/2-X$ gate error rates of $\sim 10^{-4}$ using realistic noise models. We highlight that the low charge noise environment in these all-epitaxial phosphorus-doped silicon qubits will facilitate the realisation of strong coupling of the qubit to superconducting microwave cavities allowing for long-distance two-qubit operations.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2020

Isotopic enrichment of silicon by high fluence $^{28}$Si$^-$ ion implantation

Spins in the `semiconductor vacuum' of silicon-28 ($^{28}$Si) are suitable qubit candidates due to their long coherence times. An isotopically purified substrate of $^{28}$Si is required to limit the decoherence pathway caused by magnetic perturbations from surrounding $^{29}$Si nuclear spins (I=1/2), present in natural Si (nat Si) at an abundance of 4.67%. We isotopically enrich surface layers of nat Si by sputtering using high fluence $^{28}$Si$^-$ implantation. Phosphorus (P) donors implanted into one such $^{28}$Si layer with ~3000 ppm $^{29}$Si, produced by implanting 30 keV $^{28}$Si$^-$ ions at a fluence of 4x10^18 cm^-2, were measured with pulsed electron spin resonance, confirming successful donor activation upon annealing. The mono-exponential decay of the Hahn echo signal indicates a depletion of $^{29}$Si. A coherence time of T2 = 285 +/- 14 us is extracted, which is longer than that obtained in nat Si for similar doping concentrations and can be increased by reducing the P concentration in future. The isotopic enrichment was improved by employing one-for-one ion sputtering using 45 keV $^{28}$Si$^-$ implantation. A fluence of 2.63x10^18 cm^-2 $^{28}$Si$^-$ ions were implanted at this energy into nat Si, resulting in an isotopically enriched surface layer ~100 nm thick; suitable for providing a sufficient volume of $^{28}$Si for donor qubits implanted into the near-surface region. We observe a depletion of $^{29}$Si to 250 ppm as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The impurity content and the crystallization kinetics via solid phase epitaxy are discussed. The $^{28}$Si layer is confirmed to be a single crystal using transmission electron microscopy. This method of Si isotopic enrichment shows promise for incorporating into the fabrication process flow of Si spin qubit devices.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2018

Engineering long spin coherence times of spin-orbit systems

Spin-orbit coupling fundamentally alters spin qubits, opening pathways to improve the scalability of quantum computers via long distance coupling mediated by electric fields, photons, or phonons. It also allows for new engineered hybrid and topological quantum systems. However, spin qubits with intrinsic spin-orbit coupling are not yet viable for quantum technologies due to their short ($\sim1~\mu$s) coherence times $T_2$, while qubits with long $T_2$ have weak spin-orbit coupling making qubit coupling short-ranged and challenging for scale-up. Here we show that an intrinsic spin-orbit coupled "generalised spin" with total angular momentum $J=\tfrac{3}{2}$, which is defined by holes bound to boron dopant atoms in strained $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$, has $T_2$ rivalling the electron spins of donors and quantum dots in $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$. Using pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance, we obtain $0.9~\mathrm{ms}$ Hahn-echo and $9~\mathrm{ms}$ dynamical decoupling $T_2$ times, where strain plays a key role to reduce spin-lattice relaxation and the longitudinal electric coupling responsible for decoherence induced by electric field noise. Our analysis shows that transverse electric dipole can be exploited for electric manipulation and qubit coupling while maintaining a weak longitudinal coupling, a feature of $J=\tfrac{3}{2}$ atomic systems with a strain engineered quadrupole degree of freedom. These results establish single-atom hole spins in silicon with quantised total angular momentum, not spin, as a highly coherent platform with tuneable intrinsic spin-orbit coupling advantageous to build artificial quantum systems and couple qubits over long distances.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗

arXiv2012

Gigahertz quantized charge pumping in graphene quantum dots

Single electron pumps are set to revolutionize electrical metrology by enabling the ampere to be re-defined in terms of the elementary charge of an electron. Pumps based on lithographically-fixed tunnel barriers in mesoscopic metallic systems and normal/superconducting hybrid turnstiles can reach very small error rates, but only at MHz pumping speeds corresponding to small currents of the order 1 pA. Tunable barrier pumps in semiconductor structures have been operated at GHz frequencies, but the theoretical treatment of the error rate is more complex and only approximate predictions are available. Here, we present a monolithic, fixed barrier single electron pump made entirely from graphene. We demonstrate pump operation at frequencies up to 1.4 GHz, and predict the error rate to be as low as 0.01 parts per million at 90 MHz. Combined with the record-high accuracy of the quantum Hall effect and proximity induced Josephson junctions, accurate quantized current generation brings an all-graphene closure of the quantum metrological triangle within reach. Envisaged applications for graphene charge pumps outside quantum metrology include single photon generation via electron-hole recombination in electrostatically doped bilayer graphene reservoirs, and for readout of spin-based graphene qubits in quantum information processing.

cond-mat.mes-hall↗