arXiv subjects

C. E. DeForest

Publications and source records attributed to C. E. DeForest.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

The ASPIICS solar coronagraph aboard the Proba-3 formation flying mission. Scientific objectives and instrument design

We describe the scientific objectives and instrument design of the ASPIICS coronagraph launched aboard the Proba-3 mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) on 5 December 2024. Proba-3 consists of two spacecraft in a highly elliptical orbit around the Earth. One spacecraft carries the telescope, and the external occulter is mounted on the second spacecraft. The two spacecraft fly in a precise formation during 6 hours out of 19.63 hour orbit, together forming a giant solar coronagraph called ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun). Very long distance between the external occulter and the telescope (around 144 m) represents an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to classical externally occulted solar coronagraphs. This allows us to observe the inner corona in eclipse-like conditions, i.e. close to the solar limb (down to 1.099 Rs) and with very low straylight. ASPIICS will provide a new perspective on the inner solar corona that will help solve several outstanding problems in solar physics, such as the origin of the slow solar wind and physical mechanism of coronal mass ejections.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2023

Coma Off It: Removing Variable Point Spread Functions from Astronomical Images

We describe a rapid and direct method for regularizing, post-facto, the point-spread function (PSF) of a telescope or other imaging instrument, across its entire field of view. Imaging instruments in general blur point sources of light by local convolution with a point-spread function that varies slowly across the field of view, due to coma, spherical aberration, and similar effects. It is possible to regularize the PSF in post-processing, producing data with a homogeneous ``effective PSF'' across the entire field of view. In turn, the method enables seamless wide-field astronomical mosaics at higher resolution than would otherwise be achievable, and potentially changes the design trade space for telescopes, lenses, and other optical systems where data uniformity is important. For many kinds of optical aberration, simple and rapid convolution with a locally optimized ``transfer PSF'' produces extremely uniform imaging properties at low computational cost. PSF regularization} does not require access to the instrument that obtained the data, and can be bootstrapped from existing data sets that include starfield images or other means of estimating the PSF across the field.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2023

Magnetic Reconnection as the Driver of the Solar Wind

We present EUV solar observations showing evidence for omnipresent jetting activity driven by small-scale magnetic reconnection at the base of the solar corona. We argue that the physical mechanism that heats and drives the solar wind at its source is ubiquitous magnetic reconnection in the form of small-scale jetting activity (i.e., a.k.a. jetlets). This jetting activity, like the solar wind and the heating of the coronal plasma, are ubiquitous regardless of the solar cycle phase. Each event arises from small-scale reconnection of opposite polarity magnetic fields producing a short-lived jet of hot plasma and Alfvén waves into the corona. The discrete nature of these jetlet events leads to intermittent outflows from the corona, which homogenize as they propagate away from the Sun and form the solar wind. This discovery establishes the importance of small-scale magnetic reconnection in solar and stellar atmospheres in understanding ubiquitous phenomena such as coronal heating and solar wind acceleration. Based on previous analyses linking the switchbacks to the magnetic network, we also argue that these new observations might provide the link between the magnetic activity at the base of the corona and the switchback solar wind phenomenon. These new observations need to be put in the bigger picture of the role of magnetic reconnection and the diverse form of jetting in the solar atmosphere.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Direct observations of a complex coronal web driving highly structured slow solar wind

The solar wind consists of continuous streams of charged particles that escape into the heliosphere from the Sun, and is split into fast and slow components, with the fast wind emerging from the interiors of coronal holes. Near the ecliptic plane, the fast wind from low-latitude coronal holes is interspersed with a highly structured slow solar wind, the source regions and drivers of which are poorly understood. Here we report extreme-ultraviolet observations that reveal a spatially complex web of magnetized plasma structures that persistently interact and reconnect in the middle corona. Coronagraphic white-light images show concurrent emergence of slow wind streams over these coronal web structures. With advanced global MHD coronal models, we demonstrate that the observed coronal web is a direct imprint of the magnetic separatrix web (S-web). By revealing a highly dynamic portion of the S-web, our observations open a window into important middle-coronal processes that appear to play a key role in driving the structured slow solar wind.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Square Root Compression and Noise Effects in Digitally Transformed Images

We report on a particular example of noise and data representation interacting to introduce systematic error. Many instruments collect integer digitized values and appy nonlinear coding, in particular square-root coding, to compress the data for transfer or downlink; this can introduce surprising systematic errors when they are decoded for analysis. Square root coding and subsequent decoding typically introduces a variable, $\pm 1$ count value-dependent systematic bias in the data after reconstitution. This is significant when large numbers of measurements (e.g., image pixels) are averaged together. Using direct modeling of the probabiliity distribution of particular coded values in the presence of instrument noise, one may apply Bayes' Theorem to construct a decoding table that reduces this error source to a very small fraction of a digitizer step; in our example, systematic error from square root coding is reduced by a factor of 20 from 0.23 count RMS to 0.013 count RMS. The method is suitable both for new experiments such as the upcoming PUNCH mission, and also for post facto application to existing data sets -- even if the instrument noise properties are only loosely known. Further, the method does not depend on the specifics of the coding formula, and may be applied to other forms of nonlinear coding or representation of data values.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2022

The best of both worlds: Using automatic detection and limited human supervision to create a homogenous magnetic catalog spanning four solar cycles

Bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) are the cornerstone of solar variability. They are tracers of the large-scale magnetic processes that give rise to the solar cycle, shapers of the solar corona, building blocks of the large-scale solar magnetic field, and significant contributors to the free-energetic budget that gives rise to flares and coronal mass ejections. Surprisingly, no homogeneous catalog of BMRs exists today, in spite of the existence of systematic measurements of the magnetic field since the early 1970's. The purpose of this work is to address this deficiency by creating a homogenous catalog of BMRs from the 1970's until the present. For this purpose, in this paper we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the automatic and manual detection of BMRs and how both methods can be combined to form the basis of our Bipolar Active Region Detection (BARD) code and its supporting human supervision module. At present, the BARD catalog contains more than 10,000 unique BMRs tracked and characterized during every day of their observation. Here we also discuss our future plans for the creation of an extended multi-scale magnetic catalog combining the SWAMIS and BARD catalogs.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2022

Small Satellite Mission Concepts for Space Weather Research and as Pathfinders for Operations

Recent advances in miniaturization and commercial availability of critical satellite subsystems and detector technology have made small satellites (SmallSats, including CubeSats) an attractive, low-cost potential solution for space weather research and operational needs. Motivated by the 1st International Workshop on SmallSats for Space Weather Research and Forecasting, held in Washington, DC on 1-4 August 2017, we discuss the need for advanced space weather measurement capabilities, driven by analyses from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and how SmallSats can efficiently fill these measurement gaps. We present some current, recent missions and proposed/upcoming mission concepts using SmallSats that enhance space weather research and provide prototyping pathways for future operational applications; how they relate to the WMO requirements; and what challenges remain to be overcome to meet the WMO goals and operational needs in the future. With additional investment from cognizant funding agencies worldwide, SmallSats -- including standalone missions and constellations -- could significantly enhance space weather research and, eventually, operations, by reducing costs and enabling new measurements not feasible from traditional, large, monolithic missions.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2021

The Coronal Veil

Coronal loops, seen in solar coronal images, are believed to represent emission from magnetic flux tubes with compact cross-sections. We examine the 3D structure of plasma above an active region in a radiative magnetohydrodynamic simulation to locate volume counterparts for coronal loops. In many cases, a loop cannot be linked to an individual thin strand in the volume. While many thin loops are present in the synthetic images, the bright structures in the volume are fewer, and of complex shape. We demonstrate that this complexity can form impressions of thin bright loops, even in the absence of thin bright plasma strands. We demonstrate the difficulty of discerning from observations whether a particular loop corresponds to a strand in the volume, or a projection artifact. We demonstrate how apparently isolated loops could deceive observers, even when observations from multiple viewing angles are available. While we base our analysis on a simulation, the main findings are independent from a particular simulation setup and illustrate the intrinsic complexity involved in interpreting observations resulting from line-of-sight integration in an optically thin plasma. We propose alternative interpretation for strands seen in EUV images of the corona. The "coronal veil" hypothesis is mathematically more generic, and naturally explains properties of loops that are difficult to address otherwise -- such as their constant cross section and anomalously high density scale height. We challenge the paradigm of coronal loops as thin magnetic flux tubes, offering new understanding of solar corona and, by extension, of other magnetically confined bright, hot plasmas.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Plumelets: Dynamic Filamentary Structures in Solar Coronal Plumes

Solar coronal plumes long seemed to possess a simple geometry supporting spatially coherent, stable outflow without significant fine structure. Recent high-resolution observations have challenged this picture by revealing numerous transient, small-scale, collimated outflows ("jetlets") at the base of plumes. The dynamic filamentary structure of solar plumes above these outflows, and its relationship with the overall plume structure, have remained largely unexplored. We analyzed the statistics of continuously observed fine structure inside a single representative bright plume within a mid-latitude coronal hole during 2016 July 2-3. By applying advanced edge-enhancement and spatiotemporal analysis techniques to extended series of high-resolution images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, we determined that the plume was composed of numerous time-evolving filamentary substructures, referred to as "plumelets" in this paper, that accounted for most of the plume emission. The number of simultaneously identifiable plumelets was positively correlated with plume brightness, peaked in the fully formed plume, and remained saturated thereafter. The plumelets had transverse widths of 10 Mm and intermittently supported upwardly propagating periodic disturbances with phase speeds of 190-260 km/s and longitudinal wavelengths of 55-65 Mm. The characteristic frequency (3.5 mHz) is commensurate with that of solar p-modes. Oscillations in neighboring plumelets are uncorrelated, indicating that the waves could be driven by p-mode flows at spatial scales smaller than the plumelet separation. Multiple independent sources of outflow within a single coronal plume should impart significant fine structure to the solar wind that may be detectable by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2020

Shear-Driven Transition to Isotropically Turbulent Solar Wind Outside the Alfven Critical Zone

Motivated by prior remote observations of a transition from striated solar coronal structures to more isotropic ``flocculated'' fluctuations, we propose that the dynamics of the inner solar wind just outside the Alfvén critical zone, and in the vicinity of the first $β=1$ surface, is powered by the relative velocities of adjacent coronal magnetic flux tubes. We suggest that large amplitude flow contrasts are magnetically constrained at lower altitude but shear-driven dynamics are triggered as such constraints are released above the Alfvén critical zone, as suggested by global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations that include self-consistent turbulence transport. We argue that this dynamical evolution accounts for features observed by {\it Parker Solar Probe} ({\it PSP}) near initial perihelia, including magnetic ``switchbacks'', and large transverse velocities that are partially corotational and saturate near the local Alfvén speed. Large-scale magnetic increments are more longitudinal than latitudinal, a state unlikely to originate in or below the lower corona. We attribute this to preferentially longitudinal velocity shear from varying degrees of corotation. Supporting evidence includes comparison with a high Mach number three-dimensional compressible MHD simulation of nonlinear shear-driven turbulence, reproducing several observed diagnostics, including characteristic distributions of fluctuations that are qualitatively similar to {\it PSP} observations near the first perihelion. The concurrence of evidence from remote sensing observations, {\it in situ} measurements, and both global and local simulations supports the idea that the dynamics just above the Alfvén critical zone boost low-frequency plasma turbulence to the level routinely observed throughout the explored solar system.

physics.space-ph↗

arXiv2019

The Solar Orbiter SPICE instrument -- An extreme UV imaging spectrometer

The Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE) instrument is a high-resolution imaging spectrometer operating at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths. In this paper, we present the concept, design, and pre-launch performance of this facility instrument on the ESA/NASA Solar Orbiter mission. The goal of this paper is to give prospective users a better understanding of the possible types of observations, the data acquisition, and the sources that contribute to the instrument's signal. The paper discusses the science objectives, with a focus on the SPICE-specific aspects, before presenting the instrument's design, including optical, mechanical, thermal, and electronics aspects. This is followed by a characterisation and calibration of the instrument's performance. The paper concludes with descriptions of the operations concept and data processing. The performance measurements of the various instrument parameters meet the requirements derived from the mission's science objectives. The SPICE instrument is ready to perform measurements that will provide vital contributions to the scientific success of the Solar Orbiter mission.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2017

Noise-gating to clean astrophysical image data

I present a family of algorithms to reduce noise in astrophysical im- ages and image sequences, preserving more information from the original data than is retained by conventional techniques. The family uses locally adaptive filters ("noise gates") in the Fourier domain, to separate coherent image structure from background noise based on the statistics of local neighborhoods in the image. Processing of solar data limited by simple shot noise or by additive noise reveals image structure not easily visible in the originals, preserves photometry of observable features, and reduces shot noise by a factor of 10 or more with little to no apparent loss of resolution, revealing faint features that were either not directly discernible or not sufficiently strongly detected for quantitative analysis. The method works best on image sequences containing related subjects, for example movies of solar evolution, but is also applicable to single images provided that there are enough pixels. The adaptive filter uses the statistical properties of noise and of local neighborhoods in the data, to discriminate between coherent features and incoherent noise without reference to the specific shape or evolution of the those features. The technique can potentially be modified in a straightforward way to exploit additional a priori knowledge about the functional form of the noise.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2017

Practical Magick with C, PDL, and PDL::PP -- a guide to compiled add-ons for PDL

This guide is intended to knit together, and extend, the existing PP and C documentation on PDL internals. It draws heavily from prior work by the authors of the code. Special thanks go to Christian Soeller, and Tuomas Lukka, who together with Glazebrook conceived and implemented PDL and PP; and to Chris Marshall, who has led the PDL development team through several groundbreaking releases and to new levels of usability.

cs.PL↗

arXiv2016

Fading Coronal Structure and the Onset of Turbulence in the Young Solar Wind

Above the top of the solar corona, the young slow solar wind transitions from low-beta, magnetically structured flow dominated by radial structures, to high-beta, less structured flow dominated by hydrodynamics. This transition, long inferred via theory, is readily apparent in the sky region close to 10 degrees from the Sun, in processed, background-subtracted solar wind images. We present image sequences collected by the STEREO/HI1 instrument in 2008 Dec, covering apparent distances from approximately 4 to 24 degrees from the center of the Sun and spanning this transition in large-scale morphology of the wind. We describe the observation and novel techniques to extract evolving image structure from the images, and we use those data and techniques to present and quantify the clear textural shift in the apparent structure of the corona and solar wind in this altitude range. We demonstrate that the change in apparent texture is due both to anomalous fading of the radial striae that characterize the corona, and to anomalous relative brightening of locally dense puffs of solar wind that we term "flocculae;" and show that these phenomena are inconsistent with smooth radial flow, but consistent with onset of hydrodynamic or MHD instabilities leading to a turbulent cascade in the young solar wind.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2014

Inbound waves in the solar corona: a direct indicator of Alfvén Surface location

The tenuous supersonic solar wind that streams from the top of the corona passes through a natural boundary -- the Alfvén surface -- that marks the causal disconnection of individual packets of plasma and magnetic flux from the Sun itself. The Alfvén surface is the locus where the radial motion of the accelerating solar wind passes the radial Alfvén speed, and therefore any displacement of material cannot carry information back down into the corona. It is thus the natural outer boundary of the solar corona, and the inner boundary of interplanetary space. Using a new and unique motion analysis to separate inbound and outbound motions in synoptic visible-light image sequences from the COR2 coronagraph on board the STEREO-A spacecraft, we have identified inbound wave motion in the outer corona beyond 6 solar radii for the first time, and used it to determine that the Alfvén surface is at least 12.5 solar radii from the Sun over the polar coronal holes and 17 solar radii in the streamer belt, well beyond the distance planned for NASA's upcoming Solar Probe Plus mission. To our knowledge this is the first measurement of inbound waves in the outer solar corona, and the first direct measurement of lower bounds for the Alfvén surface.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2014

Sparkling EUV bright dots observed with Hi-C

Observing the Sun at high time and spatial scales is a step towards understanding the finest and fundamental scales of heating events in the solar corona. The Hi-C instrument has provided the highest spatial and temporal resolution images of the solar corona in the EUV wavelength range to date. Hi-C observed an active region on 11 July 2012, which exhibits several interesting features in the EUV line at 193Å: one of them is the existence of short, small brightenings ``sparkling" at the edge of the active region; we call these EUV Bright Dots (EBDs). Individual EBDs have a characteristic duration of 25s with a characteristic length of 680 km. These brightenings are not fully resolved by the SDO/AIA instrument at the same wavelength, however, they can be identified with respect to the Hi-C location of the EBDs. In addition, EBDs are seen in other chromospheric/coronal channels of SDO/AIA suggesting a temperature between 0.5 and 1.5 MK. Based on their frequency in the Hi-C time series, we define four different categories of EBDs: single peak, double peak, long duration, and bursty EBDs. Based on a potential field extrapolation from an SDO/HMI magnetogram, the EBDs appear at the footpoints of large-scale trans-equatorial coronal loops. The Hi-C observations provide the first evidence of small-scale EUV heating events at the base of these coronal loops, which have a free magnetic energy of the order of 10$^{26}$ erg.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2013

In Flight Determination of the Plate Scale of the EIT

Using simultaneous observations of the MDI and EIT instruments on board the SoHO spacecraft, we determined in flight the plate scale of the EIT. We found a value of 2.629+-0.001 arc seconds per pixel, in fair agreement with the 2.627+-0.001 arc seconds per pixel value deduced from recent laboratory measurements of the focal length, and much higher by 7 sigma than the 2.622 arc seconds per pixel value of the pre-flight calibrations. The plate scale is found to be constant across the field of view, confirming the negligible distortion level predicted by the theoretical models of the EIT. Furthermore, the 2 sigma difference between our results and the latest laboratory measurements, although statistically small, may confirm a recent work suggesting that the solar photospheric radius may be 0.5 Mm lower than the classically adopted value of 695.99 Mm.

astro-ph↗

arXiv2013

The Thomson Surface. II. Polarization

The solar corona and heliosphere are visible via sunlight that is Thomson-scattered off of free electrons, yielding a radiance against the celestial sphere. In this second part of a three-article series, we discuss linear polarization of this scattered light parallel and perpendicular to the plane of scatter in the context of heliopheric imaging far from the Sun. The difference between these two radiances, (pB), varies quite differently with scattering angle, compared to the sum that would be detected in unpolarized light (B). The difference between these two quantities has long been used in a coronagraphic context for background subtraction and to extract some three-dimensional information about the corona; we explore how these effects differ in the wider-field heliospheric imaging case where small-angle approximations do not apply. We develop an appropriately-simplified theory of polarized Thomson scattering in the heliosphere, discuss signal-to-noise considerations, invert the scattering equations analytically to solve the three dimensional object location problem for small objects, discuss exploiting polarization for background subtraction, and generate simple forward models of several classes of heliospheric feature. We conclude that pB measurements of heliospheric material are much more localized to the Thomson surface than are B measurements, that the ratio pB/B can be used to track solar wind features in three dimensions for scientific and space weather applications better in the heliosphere than corona; and that, by providing an independent measurement of background signal, pB measurements may be used to reduce the effect of background radiances including the stably polarized zodiacal light.

astro-ph.IM↗