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C. G. Bao

Publications and source records attributed to C. G. Bao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The band structure of the whole spectrum of an N-body cold system containing atoms with arbitrary integer spin and dominated by singlet pairing force

The spectra of $N$-boson systems with arbitrary nonzero spin $\mathfrak{f}$ have been studied. Firstly, only the singlet pairing interaction is considered, a set of eigenstates together with the eigenenergies are analytically obtained. The completeness of this set is proved. The analytical expression allows us to see clearly the spin structures of various states different in $N$ and/or $\mathfrak{f}$, and to find out the similarity and relationship lying among them. Secondly, the effect of other interactions is evaluated via exact numerical calculations on the systems with a smaller $N$. Some features and notable phenomena that might emerge in high-$\mathfrak{f}$ systems, say, the ground band might have extremely high level density, have been discussed.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Spin-textures of the Bose-Einstein condensates with three kinds of spin-1 atoms

We have performed a quantum mechanic calculation (including solving the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations to obtain the spatial wave functions, and diagonalizing the spin-dependent Hamiltonian in the spin-space to obtain the total spin state) together with an analytical analysis based on a classical model. Then, according to the relative orientations of the spins $S_A$, $S_B$ and $S_C$ of the three species, the spin-textures of the ground state can be classified into two types. In Type-I the three spins are either parallel or anti-parallel to each others, while in Type-II they point to different directions but remain to be coplanar. Moreover, according to the magnitudes of $S_A$, $S_B$ and $S_C$ the spin-textures can be further classified into four kinds, namely, $p$+$p$+$p$ (all atoms of each species are in singlet-pairs), one species in $f$ (fully polarized) and two species in $q$ (a mixture of polarized atoms and singlet-pairs), two in $f$ and one in $q$, and $f$+$f$+$f$. Other combinations are not allowed. The scopes of the parameters that supports a specific spin-texture have been specified. A number of spin-texture-transitions have been found. For Type-I, the critical values at which a transition takes place are given by simple analytical formulae, therefore these values can be predicted.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Variation of the spin textures of 2-species spin-1 condensates studied beyond the single spatial mode approximation and the experimental identification of these textures

Based on the numerical solutions of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations, the spin-textures of a Bose-Einstein condensate with two kinds of spin-1 atoms have been studied. Besides, the probability densities of an atom in spin component $μ$ and of two correlated atoms one in $μ$ and one in $ν$ have been calculated. By an analysis of the densities, four types of texture have been found. (i) Both species are in polar phase. (ii) Both species are in ferromagnetic (f) phase with all the spins lying along a direction. (iii) Both species are in f phase but the spins of different species are lying along opposite directions. (iv) One species in f phase, one species in quasi-f phase (where the spins are divided into two groups lying along opposite directions). This finding simplifies the previous classification. Moreover, we found that the variation and transition of the spin-textures can be sensitively reflected by these probability densities. Therefore, the theoretical and experimental studies on these densities provide a way to discriminate the spin-textures and/or to determine the parameters (say, the strengths of interaction) involved.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Determining the interspecies interaction strength of a two-species Bose-Einstein condensate from the density profile of one species

We study harmonically trapped two-species Bose-Einstein condensates within the Gross-Pitaevskii formalism. By invoking the Thomas-Fermi approximation, we derive an analytical solution for the miscible ground state in a particular region of the system's parameter space. This solution furnishes a simple formula for determining the relative strength of the interspecies interaction from a measurement of the density distribution of only one of the two species. Accompanying numerical simulations confirm its accuracy for sufficiently large numbers of condensed particles. The introduced formula provides a condensate-based scheme that complements the typical experimental methods of evaluating interspecies scattering lengths from collisional measurements on thermal samples.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Criticality and hidden criticality in multi-species Bose-Einstein condensates

A general approach is proposed to solve the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (CGP) for K-species Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC). Analytical solutions have been obtained under the Thomas-Fermi approximation. We aim at finding out the common features of the K-species BEC. In particular, two types of phase-transitions, full-state-transition and partial-state transition, are found. In the former all species are involved in the transition, while in the latter only a few specified species are essentially involved. This leads to the criticality and the hidden criticality (previously found in multi-band superconductivity). We further found that the former originates from the singularity of the whole matrix of the CGP, while the latter originates from the singularity of a specified sub-matrix (which is contributed by only a few specified species). It is emphasized that the singularity is not a by-product of the TFA, but is inherent in the CGP.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Evaluation of the particle numbers via the two root mean square radii in a 2-species Bose-Einstein condensate

The coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for two-species BEC have been solved analytically under the Thomas-Fermi approximation (TFA). Based on the analytical solution, two formulae are derived to relate the particle numbers $N_A$ and $N_B$ with the root mean square radii of the two kinds of atoms. Only the case that both kinds of atoms have nonzero distribution at the center of an isotropic trap is considered. In this case the TFA has been found to work nicely. Thus, the two formulae are applicable and are useful for the evaluation of $N_A$ and $N_B$.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Singularity in the matrix of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations and the related state-transitions in three-species condensates

An approach is proposed to solve the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations (CGP) of the 3-species BEC in an analytical way under the Thomas-Fermi approximation (TFA). It was found that, when the strength of a kind of interaction increases and crosses over a critical value, a specific type of state-transition will occur and will cause a jump in the total energy. Due to the jump, the energy of the lowest symmetric state becomes considerably higher. This leaves a particular opportunity for the lowest asymmetric state to replace the symmetric states as the ground state. It was further found that the critical values are related to the singularity of either the matrix or a sub-matrix of the CGP. These critical values are not arising from the TFA but inherent in the CGP, and they can be analytically expressed. Furthermore, a model (in which two kinds of atoms separated from each other asymmetrically) has been proposed for the evaluation of the energy of the lowest asymmetric state. With this model the emergence of the asymmetric ground state is numerically confirmed under the TFA. The theoretical formalism of this paper is quite general and can be generalized for BEC with more than three species.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Analytical solutions of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for the three-species Bose-Einstein condensates

The coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for the g.s. of the three-species condensates (3-BEC) have been solved analytically under the Thomas-Fermi approximation. Six types of spatial configurations in miscible phase are found. The whole parameter-space has been divided into zones each supports a specific configuration (miscible or immiscible). The borders of the zones are described by analytical formulae. Due to the division, the variation of the spatial configuration against the parameters can be visualized, and the effects of the parameters can be thereby understood. There are regions in the parameter-space where the configuration is highly sensitive to the parameters. These regions are tunable and valuable for the determination of the parameters.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Two types of phase diagrams for two-species Bose-Einstein condensates

Under the Thomas-Fermi approximation, a relatively much simpler analytical solutions of the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations for the two-species BEC have been derived. Additionally, a model for the asymmetric states has been proposed, and the competition between the symmetric and asymmetric states has been evaluated. The whole parameter-space is divided into zones, each supports a specific phase, namely, the symmetric miscible phase, the symmetric immiscible phase, or the asymmetric phase. Based on the division the phase-diagrams against any set of parameters can be plotted. Thereby, the effects of these parameters can be visualized. There are three critical values in the inter-species interaction $% V_{AB} $ and one in the ratio of particle numbers $N_{A}/N_{B}$. They govern the transitions between the phases. Two cases, (i) the repulsive $V_{AB}$ matches the repulsive $% V_{A}+V_{B}$, and (ii) the attractive $V_{AB}$ nearly cancels the effect of the repulsive $V_{A}+V_{B}$ have been particularly taken into account. The former leads to a complete separation of the two kinds of atoms , while the latter lead to a collapse. Finally, based on an equation derived in the paper, a convenient experimental approach is proposed to determine the ratio of particle numbers .

physics.atom-ph

Asymptotic expressions for the hyperfine populations in the ground state of spin-1 condensates against a magnetic field

Based on the perturbation theory up to the second order, analytical asymptotic expressions for the variation of the population of hyperfine component $μ=0 $ particles in the ground state of spin-1 condensates against a magnetic field $B$ has been derived. The ranges of $B$ in which the asymptotic expressions are applicable have been clarified via a comparison of the numerical results from the analytical expressions and from a diagonalization of the Hamiltonian in a complete spin-space. It was found that, For $^{87}$Rb, the two analytical expressions, one for a weak and the other one for a strong field, together cover the whole range of $B$ from 0 to infinite. For Na, the analytical expressions are valid only if $B$ is very weak or sufficiently strong.

physics.atom-ph

Oscillation of the spin-currents of cold atoms on a ring due to light-induced spin-orbit coupling

The evolution of two-component cold atoms on a ring with spin-orbit coupling has been studied analytically for the case with N noninteracting particles. Then, the effect of interaction is evaluated numerically via a two-body system. Two cases are considered: (i) Starting from a ground state the evolution is induced by a sudden change of the laser field, and (ii) Starting from a superposition state. Oscillating persistent spin-currents have been found. A set of formulae have been derived to describe the period and amplitude of the oscillation. Based on these formulae the oscillation can be well controlled via adjusting the parameters of the laser beams. In particular, it is predicted that movable stripes might emerge on the ring.

physics.atom-ph

Generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation adapted to the $U(5)\supset SO(5)\supset SO(3)$ symmetry for spin-2 condensates

A generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation adapted to the $U(5)\supset SO(5)\supset SO(3)$ symmetry has been derived and solved for the spin-2 condensates. The spin-textile and the degeneracy of the ground state (g.s.) together with the factors affecting the stability of the g.s., such as the gap and the level density in the neighborhood of the g.s., have been studied. Based on a rigorous treatment of the spin-degrees of freedom, the spin-textiles can be understood in a $N$-body language. In addition to the ferro-, polar, and cyclic phases, the g,s, might in a mixture of them when $0< M< 2N$ ($M$ is the total magnetization). The great difference in the stability and degeneracy of the g.s. caused by varying $φ$ (which marks the features of the interaction) and $M$ is notable. Since the root mean square radius $R_{rms}$ is an observable, efforts have been made to derive a set of formulae to relate $R_{rms}$ and $% N$, $ω$(frequency of the trap), and $φ$. These formulae provide a way to check the theories with experimental data.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Lower bound for the population of hyperfine component $μ=0$ particles in the ground state of spin-1 condensates

An analytical expression for the lower bound of the average number of hyperfine component $μ=0$ particles in the ground state of spin-1 condensates (denoted as $\overset{\_\_}{ρ_{0}}$) under a magnetic field has been derived. In the derivation the total magnetization $M$ is kept rigorously conserved. Numerical examples are given to show the applicability of the analytical expression. It was found that, in a broad domain of parameters specified in the paper, the lower bound is very close to the actual $\overset{\_\_}{ρ_{0}}$. Thereby, in this domain, $\overset{\_\_}{% ρ_{0}}$ can be directly evaluated simply by using the analytical expression.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Comment on "Polar and antiferromagnetic order in f=1 boson systems"

An inequality for the lower bound of the average number of hyperfine component $μ=0$ particles in the ground state of spin-1 condensates under a magnetic field has been derived in ref.\cite{tasa13}. It is shown in this comment that, in a broad domain of parameters usually accessed in experiments, the lower bound appears to be negative. Thus the applicability of the inequality is very limited.

cond-mat.quant-gas

Oscillation of the counterpropagating spin-currents of cold atoms on a ring due to light-induced spin-orbit coupling

The evolution of two-component cold atoms on a ring with quasispin-orbit (qSO) coupling and spin-flip has been studied analytically (for arbitrary particle number $ N $ without interaction) and numerically (for a few-body system with interaction). Counter-propagating and oscillating persistent spin-currents have been found. The regularity governing the period and amplitude of oscillation has been clarified. When the strengths for the qSO coupling and spin-flip are fixed, the frequency of oscillation can be effectively tuned by the Raman detuning, while the amplitude can be tuned by either changing the initial status and/or the Raman detuning. When the initial numbers of atoms of the two-components $N_{1}$ and $N_{2}$ are close to each other, the oscillation will be seriously suppressed. The condition for maximizing the amplitude of oscillation is given.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Evaluation of the $^{52}$Cr-$^{52}$Cr interaction via spin-flip scatterings

In order to evaluate $g_0$, the interaction strength of a pair of $^{52}$Cr atoms with total spin S=0, a specially designed s-wave scattering of the pair has been studied theoretically. Both the incident atom and the target atom trapped by a harmonic potential are polarized previously but in reverse directions. Due to spin-flip, the outgoing atom may have spin component $μ$ ranging from -3 to 3. The outgoing channels are classified by $μ$. The effect of $g_{0}$ on the scattering amplitudes of each of these $μ-$channels has been predicted.

cond-mat.other

The Use of Quantum Dots as Highly Sensitive Switchs Based on Singlet-Triplet Transition and Symmetry Constraint

Based on symmetry constraint that leads to the appearance of nodes in the wave functions of 3-electron systems at regular triangle configurations, it was found that, if the parameters of confinement are skillfully given and if a magnetic field is tuned around the critical point of the singlet-triplet transition, a 2-electron quantum dot can be used as a highly sensitive switch for single-electron transport.

cond-mat.mes-hall

Symmetry background of the fractional Aharonov-Bohm oscillation and an oscillation in dipole-transitions of narrow quantum rings with a few-electrons

The low-lying spectrum of a 3-electron narrow ring has been analyzed analytically. A phase-diagram for the ground state band against the magnetic field and the radius of the ring is obtained. The symmetry background of the fractional Aharonov-Bohm oscillation has been revealed. A very strong oscillation in the dipole transition is found. The discussion can be generalized to N-electron rings.

cond-mat.mes-hall