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C. Gal

Publications and source records attributed to C. Gal.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

Measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable in deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering at HERA

The H1 Collaboration reports the first measurement of the 1-jettiness event shape observable $τ_1^b$ in neutral-current deep-inelastic electron-proton scattering (DIS). The observable $τ_1^b$ is equivalent to a thrust observable defined in the Breit frame. The data sample was collected at the HERA $ep$ collider in the years 2003-2007 with center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=319\,\text{GeV}$, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $351.1\,\text{pb}^{-1}$. Triple differential cross sections are provided as a function of $τ_1^b$, event virtuality $Q^2$, and inelasticity $y$, in the kinematic region $Q^2>150\,\text{GeV}^{2}$. Single differential cross section are provided as a function of $τ_1^b$ in a limited kinematic range. Double differential cross sections are measured, in contrast, integrated over $τ_1^b$ and represent the inclusive neutral-current DIS cross section measured as a function of $Q^2$ and $y$. The data are compared to a variety of predictions and include classical and modern Monte Carlo event generators, predictions in fixed-order perturbative QCD where calculations up to $\mathcal{O}(α_s^3)$ are available for $τ_1^b$ or inclusive DIS, and resummed predictions at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy matched to fixed order predictions at $\mathcal{O}(α_s^2)$. These comparisons reveal sensitivity of the 1-jettiness observable to QCD parton shower and resummation effects, as well as the modeling of hadronization and fragmentation. Within their range of validity, the fixed-order predictions provide a good description of the data. Monte Carlo event generators are predictive over the full measured range and hence their underlying models and parameters can be constrained by comparing to the presented data.

hep-ex↗

Ultra-High precision Compton polarimetry at 2 GeV

We report a high precision measurement of electron beam polarization using Compton polarimetry. The measurement was made in experimental Hall A at Jefferson Lab during the CREX experiment in 2020. A total uncertainty of dP/P=0.36% was achieved detecting the back-scattered photons from the Compton scattering process. This is the highest accuracy in a measurement of electron beam polarization using Compton scattering ever reported, surpassing the ground-breaking measurement from the SLAC Large Detector (SLD) Compton polarimeter. Such uncertainty reaches the level required for the future flagship measurements to be made by the MOLLER and SoLID experiments.

physics.ins-det↗

Transverse single-spin asymmetry of charged hadrons at forward and backward rapidity in polarized $p$+$p$, $p$+Al, and $p$+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$ GeV}

Reported here are transverse single-spin asymmetries ($A_{N}$) in the production of charged hadrons as a function of transverse momentum ($p_T$) and Feynman-$x$ ($x_F$) in polarized $p^{\uparrow}$+$p$, $p^{\uparrow}$+Al, and $p^{\uparrow}$+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The measurements have been performed at forward and backward rapidity ($1.4<|η|<2.4$) over the range of $1.5 0$) in $p^{\uparrow}$+$p$ collisions, whereas the $p^{\uparrow}$+Al and $p^{\uparrow}$+Au results show smaller asymmetries. This finding provides new opportunities to investigate the origin of transverse single-spin asymmetries and a tool to study nuclear effects in $p$+$A$ collisions.

hep-ex↗

Unbinned Deep Learning Jet Substructure Measurement in High $Q^2$ ep collisions at HERA

The radiation pattern within high energy quark- and gluon-initiated jets (jet substructure) is used extensively as a precision probe of the strong force as well as an environment for optimizing event generators with numerous applications in high energy particle and nuclear physics. Looking at electron-proton collisions is of particular interest as many of the complications present at hadron colliders are absent. A detailed study of modern jet substructure observables, jet angularities, in electron-proton collisions is presented using data recorded using the H1 detector at HERA. The measurement is unbinned and multi-dimensional, using machine learning to correct for detector effects. All of the available reconstructed object information of the respective jets is interpreted by a graph neural network, achieving superior precision on a selected set of jet angularities. Training these networks was enabled by the use of a large number of GPUs in the Perlmutter supercomputer at Berkeley Lab. The particle jets are reconstructed in the laboratory frame, using the $k_{\mathrm{T}}$ jet clustering algorithm. Results are reported at high transverse momentum transfer $Q^2>150$ GeV${}^2$, and inelasticity $0.2 < y < 0.7$. The analysis is also performed in sub-regions of $Q^2$, thus probing scale dependencies of the substructure variables. The data are compared with a variety of predictions and point towards possible improvements of such models.

hep-ex↗

Transverse single-spin asymmetry of midrapidity $π^{0}$ and $η$ mesons in $p$+Au and $p$+Al collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=$ 200 GeV

Presented are the first measurements of the transverse single-spin asymmetries ($A_N$) for neutral pions and eta mesons in $p$+Au and $p$+Al collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV in the pseudorapidity range $|η|<$0.35 with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The asymmetries are consistent with zero, similar to those for midrapidity neutral pions and eta mesons produced in $p$+$p$ collisions. These measurements show no evidence of additional effects that could potentially arise from the more complex partonic environment present in proton-nucleus collisions.

hep-ex↗

Measurement of Direct-Photon Cross Section and Double-Helicity Asymmetry at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV in $\vec{p}+\vec{p}$ Collisions

We present measurements of the cross section and double-helicity asymmetry $A_{LL}$ of direct-photon production in $\vec{p}+\vec{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV. The measurements have been performed at midrapidity ($|η|<0.25$) with the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. At relativistic energies, direct photons are dominantly produced from the initial quark-gluon hard scattering and do not interact via the strong force at leading order. Therefore, at $\sqrt{s}=510$ GeV, where leading-order-effects dominate, these measurements provide clean and direct access to the gluon helicity in the polarized proton in the gluon-momentum-fraction range $0.02<x<0.08$, with direct sensitivity to the sign of the gluon contribution.

hep-ex↗

Improving constraints on gluon spin-momentum correlations in transversely polarized protons via midrapidity open-heavy-flavor electrons in $p^{\uparrow}+p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV

Polarized proton-proton collisions provide leading-order access to gluons, presenting an opportunity to constrain gluon spin-momentum correlations within transversely polarized protons and enhance our understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the proton. Midrapidity open-heavy-flavor production at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV is dominated by gluon-gluon fusion, providing heightened sensitivity to gluon dynamics relative to other production channels. Transverse single-spin asymmetries of positrons and electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays are measured at midrapidity using the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These charge-separated measurements are sensitive to gluon correlators that can in principle be related to gluon orbital angular momentum via model calculations. Explicit constraints on gluon correlators are extracted for two separate models, one of which had not been constrained previously.

hep-ex↗

Measurements of second-harmonic Fourier coefficients from azimuthal anisotropies in $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Recently, the PHENIX Collaboration has published second- and third-harmonic Fourier coefficients $v_2$ and $v_3$ for midrapidity ($|η|<0.35$) charged hadrons in 0\%--5\% central $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV utilizing three sets of two-particle correlations for two detector combinations with different pseudorapidity acceptance [Phys. Rev. C {\bf 105}, 024901 (2022)]. This paper extends these measurements of $v_2$ to all centralities in $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au collisions, as well as $p$$+$$p$ collisions, as a function of transverse momentum ($p_T$) and event multiplicity. The kinematic dependence of $v_2$ is quantified as the ratio $R$ of $v_2$ between the two detector combinations as a function of event multiplicity for $0.5$$<$$p_T$$<$$1$ and $2$$<$$p_T$$<$$2.5$ GeV/$c$. A multiphase-transport (AMPT) model can reproduce the observed $v_2$ in most-central to midcentral $d$$+$Au and $^3$He$+$Au collisions. However, the AMPT model systematically overestimates the measurements in $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Au, and peripheral $d$$+$Au and $^3$He$+$Au collisions, indicating a higher nonflow contribution in AMPT than in the experimental data. The AMPT model fails to describe the observed $R$ for $0.5$$<$$p_T$$<$$1$ GeV/$c$, but there is qualitative agreement with the measurements for $2$$<$$p_T$$<$$2.5$ GeV/$c$.

nucl-ex↗

Measurement of $ϕ$-meson production in Cu$+$Au at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV and U$+$U at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=193$ GeV

The PHENIX experiment reports systematic measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of $ϕ$-meson production in asymmetric Cu$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=200 GeV and in U$+$U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$=193 GeV. Measurements were performed via the $ϕ\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}$ decay channel at midrapidity $|η|<0.35$. Features of $ϕ$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Cu, Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions were found to not depend on the collision geometry, which was expected because the yields are averaged over the azimuthal angle and follow the expected scaling with nuclear-overlap size. The elliptic flow of the $ϕ$ meson in Cu$+$Au, Au$+$Au, and U$+$U collisions scales with second-order-participant eccentricity and the length scale of the nuclear-overlap region (estimated with the number of participating nucleons). At moderate $p_T$, $ϕ$-meson production measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is consistent with coalescence-model predictions, whereas at high $p_T$ the production is in agreement with expectations for in-medium energy loss of parent partons prior to their fragmentation. The elliptic flow for $ϕ$ mesons measured in Cu$+$Au and U$+$U collisions is well described by a (2+1)D viscous-hydrodynamic model with specific-shear viscosity $η/s=1/4π$.

nucl-ex↗

Snowmass 2021 White Paper: Electron Ion Collider for High Energy Physics

Electron Ion Collider (EIC) is a particle accelerator facility planned for construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York by the United States Department of Energy. EIC will provide capabilities of colliding beams of polarized electrons with polarized beams of proton and light ions. EIC will be one of the largest and most sophisticated new accelerator facilities worldwide, and the only new large-scale accelerator facility planned for construction in the United States in the next few decades. The versatility, resolving power and intensity of EIC will present many new opportunities to address some of the crucial and fundamental open scientific questions in particle physics. This document provides an overview of the science case of EIC from the perspective of the high energy physics community.

hep-ph↗

Revealing the short-range structure of the "mirror nuclei" $^3$H and $^3$He

When protons and neutrons (nucleons) are bound into atomic nuclei, they are close enough together to feel significant attraction, or repulsion, from the strong, short-distance part of the nucleon-nucleon interaction. These strong interactions lead to hard collisions between nucleons, generating pairs of highly-energetic nucleons referred to as short-range correlations (SRCs). SRCs are an important but relatively poorly understood part of nuclear structure and mapping out the strength and isospin structure (neutron-proton vs proton-proton pairs) of these virtual excitations is thus critical input for modeling a range of nuclear, particle, and astrophysics measurements. Hitherto measurements used two-nucleon knockout or ``triple-coincidence'' reactions to measure the relative contribution of np- and pp-SRCs by knocking out a proton from the SRC and detecting its partner nucleon (proton or neutron). These measurementsshow that SRCs are almost exclusively np pairs, but had limited statistics and required large model-dependent final-state interaction (FSI) corrections. We report on the first measurement using inclusive scattering from the mirror nuclei $^3$H and $^3$He to extract the np/pp ratio of SRCs in the A=3 system. We obtain a measure of the np/pp SRC ratio that is an order of magnitude more precise than previous experiments, and find a dramatic deviation from the near-total np dominance observed in heavy nuclei. This result implies an unexpected structure in the high-momentum wavefunction for $^3$He and $^3$H. Understanding these results will improve our understanding of the short-range part of the N-N interaction.

nucl-ex↗

New Measurements of the Beam-Normal Single Spin Asymmetry in Elastic Electron Scattering Over a Range of Spin-0 Nuclei

We report precision determinations of the beam normal single spin asymmetries ($A_n$) in the elastic scattering of 0.95 and 2.18~GeV electrons off $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca, and $^{208}$Pb at very forward angles where the most detailed theoretical calculations have been performed. The first measurements of $A_n$ for $^{40}$Ca and $^{48}$Ca are found to be similar to that of $^{12}$C, consistent with expectations thus demonstrating the validity of theoretical calculations for nuclei with Z~$\leq20$. We also report $A_n$ for $^{208}$Pb at two new momentum transfers (Q$^2$) extending the previous measurement. Our new data confirm the surprising result previously reported, with all three data points showing significant disagreement with the results from the $Z\leq 20$ nuclei. These data confirm our basic understanding of the underlying dynamics that govern $A_n$ for nuclei containing $\lesssim 50$ nucleons, but point to the need for further investigation to understand the unusual $A_n$ behaviour discovered for scattering off $^{208}$Pb.

nucl-ex↗

Study of $ϕ$-meson production in $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, $d$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Small nuclear collisions are mainly sensitive to cold-nuclear-matter effects; however, the collective behavior observed in these collisions shows a hint of hot-nuclear-matter effects. The identified-particle spectra, especially the $ϕ$ mesons which contain strange and antistrange quarks and have a relatively small hadronic-interaction cross section, are a good tool to study these effects. The PHENIX experiment has measured $ϕ$ mesons in a specific set of small collision systems $p$$+$Al, $p$$+$Au, and $^3$He$+$Au, as well as $d$$+$Au [Phys. Rev. C {\bf 83}, 024909 (2011)], at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The transverse-momentum spectra and nuclear-modification factors are presented and compared to theoretical-model predictions. The comparisons with different calculations suggest that quark-gluon plasma may be formed in these small collision systems at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. However, the volume and the lifetime of the produced medium may be insufficient for observing strangeness-enhancement and jet-quenching effects. Comparison with calculations suggests that the main production mechanisms of $ϕ$ mesons at midrapidity may be different in $p$$+$Al versus $p/d/$$^3$He$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. While thermal quark recombination seems to dominate in $p/d/$$^3$He$+$Au collisions, fragmentation seems to be the main production mechanism in $p$$+$Al collisions.

nucl-ex↗

Precision Møller Polarimetry for PREX and CREX

The PREX-2 and CREX experiments in Hall A at Jefferson Lab are precision measurements of parity violating elastic electron scattering from complex nuclei. One requirement was that the incident electron beam polarization, typically $\approx$90\%, be known with 1\% precision. We commissioned and operated a Møller polarimeter on the beam line that exceeds this requirement, achieving a precision of 0.89\% for PREX-2, and 0.85\% for CREX. The uncertainty is purely systematic, accumulated from several different sources, but dominated by our knowledge of the target polarization. Our analysis also demonstrates the need for accurate atomic wave functions in order to correct for the Levchuk Effect. We describe the details of the polarimeter operation and analysis, as well as (for CREX) a comparison to results from a different polarimeter based on Compton scattering.

nucl-ex↗

Measurement of $ψ(2S)$ nuclear modification at backward and forward rapidity in $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Al, and $p$$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV

Suppression of the $J/ψ$ nuclear-modification factor has been seen as a trademark signature of final-state effects in large collision systems for decades. In small systems, the nuclear modification was attributed to cold-nuclear-matter effects until the observation of strong differential suppression of the $ψ(2S)$ state in $p/d$$+$$A$ collisions suggested the presence of final-state effects. Results of $J/ψ$ and $ψ(2S)$ measurements in the dimuon decay channel are presented here for $p$$+$$p$, $p$$+$Al, and $p$$+$Au collision systems at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=200$ GeV. The results are predominantly shown in the form of the nuclear-modification factor, $R_{pA}$, the ratio of the $ψ(2S)$ invariant yield per nucleon-nucleon collision in collisions of proton on target nucleus to that in $p$$+$$p$ collisions. Measurements of the $J/ψ$ and $ψ(2S)$ nuclear-modification factor are compared with shadowing and transport-model predictions, as well as to complementary measurements at Large-Hadron-Collider energies.

nucl-ex↗

Precision Determination of the Neutral Weak Form Factor of $^{48}$Ca

We report a precise measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry $A_{\rm PV}$ in the elastic scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons from $^{48}{\rm Ca}$. We measure $A_{\rm PV} =2668\pm 106\ {\rm (stat)}\pm 40\ {\rm (syst)}$ parts per billion, leading to an extraction of the neutral weak form factor $F_{\rm W} (q=0.8733$ fm$^{-1}) = 0.1304 \pm 0.0052 \ {\rm (stat)}\pm 0.0020\ {\rm (syst)}$ and the charge minus the weak form factor $F_{\rm ch} - F_{\rm W} = 0.0277\pm 0.0055$. The resulting neutron skin thickness $R_n-R_p=0.121 \pm 0.026\ {\rm (exp)} \pm 0.024\ {\rm (model)}$~fm is relatively thin yet consistent with many model calculations. The combined CREX and PREX results will have implications for future energy density functional calculations and on the density dependence of the symmetry energy of nuclear matter.

nucl-ex↗

Measurement of lepton-jet correlation in deep-inelastic scattering with the H1 detector using machine learning for unfolding

The first measurement of lepton-jet momentum imbalance and azimuthal correlation in lepton-proton scattering at high momentum transfer is presented. These data, taken with the H1 detector at HERA, are corrected for detector effects using an unbinned machine learning algorithm OmniFold, which considers eight observables simultaneously in this first application. The unfolded cross sections are compared to calculations performed within the context of collinear or transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) factorization in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) as well as Monte Carlo event generators. The measurement probes a wide range of QCD phenomena, including TMD parton distribution functions and their evolution with energy in so far unexplored kinematic regions.

hep-ex↗

Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering

We present new precision measurements of the elastic electron-proton scattering cross section for momentum transfer (Q$^2$) up to 15.75~\gevsq. Combined with existing data, these provide an improved extraction of the proton magnetic form factor at high Q$^2$ and double the range over which a longitudinal/transverse separation of the cross section can be performed. The difference between our results and polarization data agrees with that observed at lower Q$^2$ and attributed to hard two-photon exchange (TPE) effects, extending to 8~(GeV/c)$^2$ the range of Q$^2$ for which a discrepancy is established at $>$95\% confidence. We use the discrepancy to quantify the size of TPE contributions needed to explain the cross section at high Q$^2$.

nucl-ex↗