arXiv subjects

C. Grillo

Publications and source records attributed to C. Grillo.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

A new $H_0$ measurement with SNe Requiem and Encore using $\texttt{Gravity.jl}$

We present a strong-lensing (SL) analysis of the galaxy cluster MACS J0138.0-2155 (z=0.336), the first known lens cluster discovered to host two distinct multiply imaged Type Ia supernovae (SNe): SN Requiem and SN Encore. Both SNe are located in the massive, multiply imaged red galaxy MRG-M0138 at z=1.949. The projected total mass of this cluster has been investigated with several independent lens models (Suyu+26; Pierel+26), using a sample of 23 spectroscopically confirmed multiple images from 8 background sources (0.767 10%). The forthcoming reappearance of SN Requiem offers an immediate opportunity to significantly improve constraints on H0, provided that lens-model systematics are controlled. These results establish M0138 as a premier anchor for high-precision cluster-scale TDC.

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arXiv2026

The dynamics of the Anglerfish cluster

Merging galaxy clusters represent the ideal laboratory to test our understanding of the large scale structure formation history and the processes involved. While many merging clusters have been identified, only a limited number have been studied in detail through multi-wavelength analysis and dynamical reconstruction, this type of analysis being crucial to account for projection degeneracies. This work investigates the merger dynamics of the massive and complex cluster MACS0600 using high spatial, $\sim 15$ arcsec, radio and X-ray datasets in combination with ancillary optical data. We analyze the cluster morphology and the thermodynamic properties of the intracluster medium (ICM) through XMM-Newton and Chandra X-ray observations, and explore the non-thermal component via diffuse radio emission observed with Meerkat. We find a disturbed X-ray morphology with multiple substructures and a clear offset between the bulk of the radio emission and the X-ray peak. At the location of the X-ray peak, we detect a compact cool core surrounded by hotter gas and associated with a surface brightness discontinuity consistent with a cold front. The central region exhibits elevated temperatures and hosts most of the diffuse radio emission, suggesting merger-driven turbulence. Optical data further support a relative motion between the cool core and the main cluster along the line of sight. We conclude that MACS0600 is undergoing a merger in which a compact cool core has crossed the main, more massive cluster without being completely disrupted, while significantly perturbing the surrounding ICM.

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arXiv2026

A Cosmic Archipelago of lensed metal-poor galaxies at $z\sim6$

The Cosmic Archipelago is an ensemble of galaxies, strongly lensed by the cluster MACSJ0416, showing extreme physical properties at $z\sim6.14$. We combine JWST/NIRCam with deep VLT/X-Shooter and JWST/NIRSpec IFU to perform a joint spectrophotometric analysis from the far ultraviolet to red optical rest-frame. We focus on CA4, a UV-faint ($M_{UV}=-17.7$), compact ($r_e=81\pm11$ pc) galaxy at $z=6.1446$, magnified by a factor $\mu=3.73$. CA4 is a young, low-mass ($M_\star =4.3\times10^6$ M$\odot$), star-forming (${\rm SFR}=0.46$ M$\odot$/yr), and metal-poor ($Z\sim0.02$ Z$\odot$) galaxy, and an efficient producer of ionizing photons ($\log(\xi_{ion}/{\rm erg^{-1} Hz})\sim25.5$). Its properties place CA4 at the poorly explored interface between massive stellar clusters and dwarf galaxies during the epoch of reionization. Moreover, CA4 shows large Ly$\alpha$ ($f_{esc}^{\rm Ly\alpha}\sim43\%$) and Lyman-continuum ($f_{esc}\sim47\%$) escape fractions, consistent with its small Ly$\alpha$ velocity offset ($\Delta v\sim100$ km/s) and extremely blue UV-continuum slope ($\beta=-3.10$). These characteristics suggest that such UV-faint, metal-poor galaxies may contribute significantly to cosmic reionization. We also confirm five additional systems at the redshift of the Cosmic Archipelago, magnified by factors up to 12.5. They are all young (mass-weighted ages $<11$ Myr) and metal-poor ($Z<0.05$ Z$_\odot$), spanning a wide range of stellar masses and SFRs. Given the large number of these bursty star-forming galaxies in a small cosmic volume, we estimate that the currently known members of the Cosmic Archipelago result in a significant overdensity at $z\sim6$ ($\Delta z\sim0.08$), with $\delta_{gal}=12.3^{+6.6}_{-4.6}$. These results highlight the Cosmic Archipelago as an unprecedented laboratory for studying the earliest groups of low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies during the epoch of reionization.

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arXiv2026

A New Perspective on Galactic Evolution: Studying the Outskirts of the Abell S1063 Galaxy Cluster

Galaxy physical properties are influenced by their environments, but the processes responsible for mass and environmental quenching and structural transformations remain debated. Galaxy clusters are ideal laboratories for investigating galaxy formation and evolution, offering a full range of galaxy properties and environments. Observations of large-scale structures, particularly filaments in cluster outskirts ($r \sim5r_{200}$), are currently constrained to the low-redshift Universe. To explore galaxy evolution at intermediate redshifts, deep photometric data, ideally combined with spectroscopic redshifts, are essential. Abell S1063 cluster ($z$ = 0.346) is observed within the Galaxy Assembly as a function of the Mass and Environment program with the VLT Survey Telescope (VST-GAME) combined VISTA Public Survey program Galaxy Cluster At Vircam. We investigate galaxy evolution across a wide range of stellar masses and environments. We release a multiwavelength photometric catalog with photometric redshifts for 64394 sources in $1x1 deg^2$. The analysis of overdensity regions provides insights for future studies on galaxy properties in cluster outskirts. The dataset is obtained through deep ($r<$24.65 mag) and wide optical ($u$, $g$, $r$, $i$, VST) and near-infrared ($Y$, $J$, $K_s$, VISTA) observations. The photometric catalog includes all detected sources, excluding nearby or overlapping objects, saturated stars, and image artifacts. The multiwavelength catalog enabled photometric redshift estimates and identification of cluster members. The density field allowed comparison of galaxy properties, colors, and masses across environments. We detect a very dense structure near the cluster center, and with such a large field of view, we find another dense region to the north-west, in the opposite direction to the cluster elongation. Filaments connecting the regions are also visible.

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arXiv2026

The velocity dispersion function of red galaxies in four Hubble Frontier Fields galaxy clusters

We present a detailed study of the stellar kinematic properties of red member galaxies in the cores of four strong lensing galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts included in the the Hubble Frontier Fields programme: Abell 2744 ($z=0.307$), Abell S1063 ($z=0.346$), MACS J0416.1$-$2403 ($z=0.397$), and MACS J1149.6$+$2223 ($z=0.542$). We focussed on a sample of 723 red cluster members in the four clusters and we measured their structural parameters using MORPHOFIT for all Hubble Frontier Fields bands. Taking advantage of deep (3.1 h to 17 h of exposure) integral-field spectroscopy from MUSE on the Very Large Telescope, we tested a pipeline based on the public spectral fitting code pPXF to systematically measure the line-of-sight stellar velocity dispersion $\sigma$ of cluster members with a spectral $S/N\geq 10$, with a statistical uncertainty consistently below 5%. The resulting catalogue contains 213 measured $\sigma$ values across the four clusters. We calibrated the Fundamental Plane relation in the rest-frame $r$ band for the early-type cluster members, selected from their colour and morphology; we found compatible parameters both across the clusters, and noting hints of zero-point evolution with redshift. Finally, we used the calibrated Fundamental Plane relations to assign a velocity dispersion value to all 723 red cluster members and studied the velocity dispersion function for each cluster, down to $\log \sigma \, \mathrm{[km \, s^{-1}] = 1.5}$. A Schechter function fit of the velocity functions suggests compatible parameters: a positive $\alpha$ slope with values in the range $0.55-1.60$, and $\log\sigma^*\, [\mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}]$ between $2.18$ and $2.47$. Unlike previous works, we extended the systematic study of the central velocity dispersion of cluster galaxies to lower-$\sigma$ regimes.

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arXiv2026

CLASH-VLT velocity anisotropy profiles in a stack of massive galaxy clusters

We measure the velocity anisotropy profile $\beta(r)$ of different galaxy cluster member populations by analysing the stacked projected phase space of nine massive ($M_\mathrm{200c}>7\times10^{14}$ M$_\odot$) galaxy clusters at intermediate redshifts ($0.18 < z < 0.45$). We select our sample of galaxy clusters by choosing the most round and virialised objects among the targets of the CLASH-VLT spectroscopic program, which offers a large spectral database. Complementary MUSE observations on most of these clusters allowed us to identify an unprecedented number of cluster members, strongly enhancing the precision of our measurement with respect to previous studies. Our sample of cluster members is divided in four classes: red and blue by colour, and high- and low-mass by stellar mass. We employ two parallel techniques, namely the MAMPOSSt method (parametric in $\beta(r)$) and the Jeans equation inversion (non parametric in $\beta(r)$). The results from both techniques are found in agreement for any given cluster member population, and suggest that the orbital anisotropy in galaxy clusters grows from the centre (where $\beta\approx 0.2-0.4$) to the virial radius ($\beta\gtrsim 0.8$), and it is similar for the different cluster member populations. We also find an interesting dynamical feature in the Jeans inversion results, that is a drop in $\beta(r)$ at a distance of $\sim 250$ kpc from the cluster centre. We provide robust anisotropy estimates by exploring a highly significant number of model combinations: 72 with MAMPOSSt (varying the mass, surface number density, $\beta(r)$ model, and galaxy population) and 18 (varying total mass model and galaxy population) in the Jeans inversion. Such an extensive investigation of the $\beta(r)$ profile in galaxy clusters is a wide basis for future studies on cluster dynamical masses and cluster cosmology in the era of large spectroscopic surveys

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arXiv2026

A boost in the precision of cluster-mass models: Exploiting the extended surface brightness of the lensed supernova Refsdal host galaxy

Combining deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images and extensive data from the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, we present new mass models of the cluster MACS J1149.5+2223, strongly lensing the supernova (SN) Refsdal, fully exploiting the source surface-brightness distribution of the SN host for the first time. In detail, we incorporated 77,000 HST pixels, in addition to the known 106 point-like multiple images, in our modeling. We considered four different models to explore the effect of the relative weighting of the point-like multiple image positions and flux distribution of the SN host on the model optimization. When the SN host's extended image is included, we find that the statistical uncertainties of all 34 free model parameters are reduced by factors ranging from one to two orders of magnitude compared to the statistical uncertainty of the point-like only model, irrespective of the adopted different image weights. We quantified the remarkably increased level of precision with which the cluster's total mass and the predicted time delays of the SN Refsdal multiple image positions can be reconstructed. We also show the delensed image of the SN host, a spiral galaxy at zSN = 1.49, in multiple HST bands. In all those applications, we obtain a significant reduction of the statistical uncertainty, which is now below the level of even the small systematic uncertainty on the mass model that could be assessed by the different approaches. These results demonstrate that with extended image models of lensing clusters it is possible to measure the cluster's total mass distribution, the values of the cosmological parameters, and the physical properties of high-redshift sources with an unparalleled precision, making the typically not-quantified systematic uncertainties now crucial.

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arXiv2025

A faint M$_{\rm UV} = -14.5$ Lyman-continuum leaker candidate in the epoch of reionization: Unprecedented Ly$\alpha$ properties at z=5.725

We report the unprecedented Ly$\alpha$ properties of AMORE6, an extremely metal-poor ($12+\log({\rm O/H}) < 6$), low-mass ($M_\star = 4.4\times10^{5}\,M_\odot$), and ultracompact (effective radius $\sim30$ pc) dwarf galaxy at $z=5.7253$, which is gravitationally lensed by the cluster A2744. A prominent, narrow, and nearly symmetric Ly$\alpha$ emission line is detected at the systemic redshift (the latter traced by H$\beta$, from JWST/NIRCam slitless spectroscopy), with a rest-frame equivalent width of $150 \pm 10$ \AA, a full width at half maximum of $\rm 58\pm1$ km s$^{-1}$, and a slight asymmetry, resulting in a flux excess of $\rm \sim10\%$ in the red wing of the line. The negligible velocity offset from systemic ($dv = 4\pm67$ km s$^{-1}$, $3\sigma$ uncertainty), together with the sharpness and symmetry of the profile, indicates minimum radiative transfer effects, which implies a neutral hydrogen column density consistent with an optically thin medium that in turn is compatible with a nonzero ionizing photon escape fraction. If indirect spectral diagnostics calibrated at $z<4.5$ remain the only viable tools for identifying LyC leakers during reionization, then based on its strongest indicator (Ly$\alpha$), AMORE6 stands out as one of the most compelling LyC-leaking candidates yet discovered in the epoch of reionization.

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arXiv2025

Cosmic chronometers with galaxy clusters: a new avenue for multi-probe cosmology

We provide a new measurement of the expansion history of the Universe at $z=0.54$ with the cosmic chronometers (CC) method, exploiting the high-quality spectroscopic VLT/MUSE data for three galaxy clusters in close-by redshift bins: SDSS J2222+2745 ($z=0.49$), MACS J1149.5+2223 ($z=0.54$), and SDSS J1029+2623 ($z=0.59$). The central one, MACS J1149.5+2223, hosts the well-known supernova 'Refsdal', which allowed for $H_0$ measurements via time delay cosmography (TDC). This represents the first step for a self-consistent probe combination, where different methods are applied to the same data sample. After selecting the most passive and massive cluster members (38 CCs), we derive their age and physical parameters via full spectrum fitting. We use the code Bagpipes, specifically modified to remove the cosmological prior on ages. On average, the CC sample shows super-solar metallicities $Z/Z_{\odot} = 1.3 \pm 0.7$, low dust extinction $A_{\rm{V}} = 0.3 \pm 0.3$ mag and to have formed in short bursts $\tau = 0.6 \pm 0.2$ Gyr. We also observe both an ageing trend in redshift and a mass-downsizing pattern. From the age-redshift trend, implementing the CC method through a bootstrap approach, we derive a new $H(z)$ measurement: $H$($z$=0.542) = $66_{-29}^{+81}$ (stat) $\pm$13 (syst) km/s/Mpc. We also simulate the impact of increased statistics and extended redshift coverage, finding that $H$($z$) uncertainties can be reduced by up to a factor of 4 with $\sim$100 CCs and a slightly broader redshift range (d$z\sim$0.2).

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arXiv2025

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Searching for giant gravitational arcs in galaxy clusters with mask region-based convolutional neural networks

Strong gravitational lensing (SL) by galaxy clusters is a powerful probe of their inner mass distribution and a key test bed for cosmological models. However, the detection of SL events in wide-field surveys such as Euclid requires robust, automated methods capable of handling the immense data volume generated. In this work, we present an advanced deep learning (DL) framework based on mask region-based convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNNs), designed to autonomously detect and segment bright, strongly-lensed arcs in Euclid's multi-band imaging of galaxy clusters. The model is trained on a realistic simulated data set of cluster-scale SL events, constructed by injecting mock background sources into Euclidised Hubble Space Telescope images of 10 massive lensing clusters, exploiting their high-precision mass models constructed with extensive spectroscopic data. The network is trained and validated on over 4500 simulated images, and tested on an independent set of 500 simulations, as well as real Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1) observations. The trained network achieves high performance in identifying gravitational arcs in the test set, with a precision and recall of 76% and 58%, respectively, processing 2'x2' images in a fraction of a second. When applied to a sample of visually confirmed Euclid Q1 cluster-scale lenses, our model recovers 66% of gravitational arcs above the area threshold used during training. While the model shows promising results, limitations include the production of some false positives and challenges in detecting smaller, fainter arcs. Our results demonstrate the potential of advanced DL computer vision techniques for efficient and scalable arc detection, enabling the automated analysis of SL systems in current and future wide-field surveys. The code, ARTEMIDE, is open source and will be available at github.com/LBasz/ARTEMIDE.

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arXiv2025

Strong Lensing Model and Dust Extinction Maps of the Host Galaxy of Type Ia Supernova H0pe

Strong gravitational lensing by massive galaxy clusters offers rare opportunities to observe multiple images of distant ($z \gtrsim 2$) Type Ia supernovae (SNe) and to resolve the properties of their host galaxies. A recent outstanding example is the Type Ia SN H0pe ($z = 1.78$), which the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) discovered in NIRCam images, when the galaxy cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0 (G165, $z = 0.35$) still produced three images of it. In this work, we build a new strong lensing model of G165, first using only the positions of multiple images of background galaxies. We then significantly increase the number of constraints around the position of SN H0pe by modeling the extended surface brightness of the SN host galaxy. Including extended image information reduces the average uncertainty on mass model parameters by more than an order of magnitude. We also study the spatial distribution of dust in the arc to estimate the dust extinction at the position of SN H0pe. We find good statistical agreement of the extinction estimate, at $\lesssim 1\sigma$, with three fully independent methods based on spectral energy distribution fitting. Moreover, our extended-image lens model of G165 allows us to map the dust distribution of the host galaxy from the image plane to the source plane. Supernova H0pe exploded in a region with a relatively high extinction ($A_V \approx 0.9$ mag) at around $\sim 1$ kpc from its host center. This work shows that extended image modeling in lensing clusters simultaneously reduces the uncertainty on lens model parameters and enables spatially resolved analyses of lensed transients' host galaxies. Such modeling advances are expected to play an important role in future cosmological analyses using strongly lensed SNe.

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arXiv2025

Parametric strong lensing model of the galaxy cluster Abell 2390 from Euclid and MUSE observations

We present a new high precision parametric strong lensing total mass reconstruction of the Euclid Early Release Observations (ERO) galaxy cluster Abell 2390, at redshift z = 0.231. We include in this analysis 35 multiple images from 13 background sources, of which 25 are spectroscopically confirmed thanks to observations from the MUSE, spanning a redshift range from z = 0.535 to z = 4.877. After fully reanalysing the MUSE spectroscopy, we combine it with archival spectroscopic catalogues allowing us to select 65 secure cluster members. This sample is further complemented with 114 photometric member galaxies, identified within the Euclid VIS and NISP imaging down to magnitude H = 23. We also measure the stellar velocity dispersions for 22 cluster members, in order to calibrate the Faber-Jackson relation and hence the scaling relations for the subhalo mass components. We test and compare 11 total mass parametrisations of the galaxy cluster with increasing complexity. To do so, we employ the new parametric strong lensing modelling code Gravity.jl. Our best fit total mass parametrisation is characterised by a single large scale halo, 179 subhalo components, and an external shear term. The reference model yields a mean scatter between the model predicted and observed positions of the multiple images of 0.32 arcseconds. We are able to quantify the systematics arising from our modelling choices by taking advantage of all the different explored total mass parametrisations. When our results are compared with those from other lensing studies, we notice an overall agreement in the reconstructed cluster total mass profile in the outermost strong lensing regime: the discrepancy in the innermost region of the cluster (few kiloparsec from the brightest cluster galaxy, where few or no strong lensing features are observed) could possibly be ascribed to the different data and modelling choices.

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arXiv2025

Cosmology with supernova Encore in the strong lensing cluster MACS J0138-2155: Time delays & Hubble constant measurement

Multiply-imaged supernovae (SNe) provide a novel means of constraining the Hubble constant ($H_0$). Such measurements require a combination of precise models of the lensing mass distribution and an accurate estimate of the relative time delays between arrival of the multiple images. Only two multiply-imaged SNe, Refsdal and H0pe, have enabled measurements of $H_0$ thus far. Here we detail the third such measurement for SN Encore, a $z=1.95$ SNIa discovered in JWST/NIRCam imaging. We measure the time delay, perform simulations of additional microlensing and millilensing systematics, and combine with the mass models of Suyu et al. in a double-blind analysis to obtain our $H_0$ constraint. Our final time-delay measurement is $\Delta t_{1b,1a}=-39.8_{-3.3}^{+3.9}$ days, which is combined with seven lens models weighted by the likelihood of the observed multiple image positions for a result of $H_0=66.9_{-8.1}^{+11.2} \rm{km} \rm{s}^{-1}\rm{Mpc}^{-1}$. The uncertainty on this measurement could be improved significantly if template imaging is obtained. Remarkably, a sibling to SN Encore (SN "Requiem") was discovered in the same host galaxy, making the MACS J0138.0-2155 cluster the first system known to produce more than one observed multiply-imaged SN. SN Requiem has a fourth image that is expected to appear within a few years, providing an unprecedented decade-long baseline for time-delay cosmography and an opportunity for a high-precision joint estimate of $H_0$.

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arXiv2025

Cosmology with supernova Encore in the strong lensing cluster MACS J0138-2155: Lens model comparison and H0 measurement

MACS J0138-2155 is the only known cluster to strongly lens two supernovae (SNe), Requiem and Encore, from the same host galaxy at z=1.949. We present seven independent mass models of the galaxy cluster built using six software packages. By conducting a blind analysis (no exchanges of results between modeling teams), we quantified uncertainties due to modeling and software. Through HST, JWST and MUSE observations, we assembled high-quality data products, including eight "gold" lensed image systems consisting of 23 images with secure spectroscopic redshifts, and one "silver" system with a likely redshift value. Restricting to the gold images, we obtain overall consistent model predictions of the positions, magnifications and time delays of SN Encore and SN Requiem images, especially for models with $\chi^2 \leq 25$. We predict the appearance of the next images of SNe Encore and Requiem with a time delay of >~3000 days and of ~3700 to 4000 days, respectively, based on a fiducial cosmological model of $H_0 = 70 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$ and $\Omega_{\rm m} = 0.3$. We obtain relations between $H_0$ and the time delays of SNe Encore and Requiem. In particular, for $H_0 = 73 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, the four lowest $\chi^2$ models predict SN Requiem to reappear in ~Apr-Dec 2026; for $H_0 = 67 {\rm\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, in ~Mar-Nov 2027. Using the newly measured time delay between the two detected images of SN Encore by Pierel et al. (2026) and our mass models, we jointly infer $H_0 = {\rm 66.9^{+11.2}_{-8.1}\ km\ s^{-1}\ Mpc^{-1}}$, where the uncertainty is dominated by that of the time delay. The long delays of the next-appearing SN Requiem and SN Encore images provide excellent opportunities to measure $H_0$ with an uncertainty of 2-3%. Our mass models form the basis for cosmological inference from this unique lens cluster with two strongly lensed SNe. (Abridged)

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arXiv2025

A Pristine Star-Forming Complex at z=4.19

We report the discovery of a faint (M_1700 ~ -12.2), oxygen-deficient strongly-lensed ionizing source -- dubbed LAP2 (Lensed And Pristine 2) -- at a spectroscopic redshift of z=4.19. LAP2 appears to be isolated and lies very close to the caustic produced by the lensing galaxy cluster Abell 2744. It was observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) NIRSpec MSA in prism mode as part of the UNCOVER program. The NIRSpec spectrum reveals prominent Lya emission (7.1 sigma), clear Ha emission (6.2 sigma), tentative Hb emission (2.8 sigma), and no detectable [OIII]4959,5007 (~ 7 times fainter than Ha). The inferred [OIII] 2 sigma upper limit corresponds to an R3 index <0.85 (assuming the Ha/Hb ~ 2.86 case~B recombination ratio), which, under high-ionization conditions, implies a metallicity of Z < 6 X 10^(-3) Z_sun. The combination of faint ultraviolet luminosity, large rest-frame Ha equivalent width (~ 650 A), and extremely compact size (< 10 pc) suggests that LAP2 is being caught in an early, pristine formation phase consistent with an instantaneous-burst scenario, with an estimated stellar mass of at most a few 10^4 Msun. Deep VLT/MUSE observations further reveal copious Lya emission forming an arclet that straddles the critical line. LAP2 thus joins the rare class of extremely metal-poor star-forming complexes that JWST has started to unveil at redshifts 3 - 7, and provides a rare glimpse into a still very poorly explored faint-luminosity regime.

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arXiv2025

Euclid preparation. LXXIV. Euclidised observations of Hubble Frontier Fields and CLASH galaxy clusters

We present HST2EUCLID, a novel Python code to generate Euclid realistic mock images in the $H_{\rm E}$, $J_{\rm E}$, $Y_{\rm E}$, and $I_{\rm E}$ photometric bands based on panchromatic Hubble Space Telescope observations. The software was used to create a simulated database of Euclid images for the 27 galaxy clusters observed during the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) and the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) program. Since the mock images were generated from real observations, they incorporate, by construction, all the complexity of the observed galaxy clusters. The simulated Euclid data of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 were then used to explore the possibility of developing strong lensing models based on the Euclid data. In this context, complementary photometric or spectroscopic follow-up campaigns are required to measure the redshifts of multiple images and cluster member galaxies. By Euclidising six parallel blank fields obtained during the HFF program, we provide an estimate of the number of galaxies detectable in Euclid images per ${\rm deg}^2$ per magnitude bin (number counts) and the distribution of the galaxy sizes. Finally, we present a preview of the Chandra Deep Field South that will be observed during the Euclid Deep Survey and two examples of galaxy-scale strong lensing systems residing in regions of the sky covered by the Euclid Wide Survey. The methodology developed in this work lends itself to several additional applications, as simulated Euclid fields based on HST (or JWST) imaging with extensive spectroscopic information can be used to validate the feasibility of legacy science cases or to train deep learning techniques in advance, thus preparing for a timely exploitation of the Euclid Survey data.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2025

CLASH-VLT: The variance in the velocity anisotropy profiles of galaxy clusters

The velocity anisotropy profiles, $\beta(r)$, of galaxy clusters are directly related to the shape of the orbits of their member galaxies. Knowledge of $\beta(r)$ is important to understand the assembly process of clusters and the evolutionary processes of their galaxies, and to improve the determination of cluster masses based on cluster kinematics. We determined the $\beta(r)$ of nine massive clusters at redshift $0.19 \leq z \leq 0.45$ from the CLASH-VLT data set, with 150 to 950 spectroscopic members each. We selected spectroscopic cluster members with the CLUMPS algorithm calibrated on cosmological simulations. We applied the MAMPOSSt code to the distribution of cluster members in projected phase-space to constrain the cluster mass profile, $M(r)$, using priors derived from a previous gravitational lensing analysis. Given the MAMPOSSt best-fit solution for $M(r)$, we then solved the inversion of the Jeans equation to determine $\beta(r)$ without assumptions of its functional form. We also ran the DS+ code to identify subclusters and characterize the dynamical status of our clusters. The average $\beta(r)$ is slightly radial, with the anisotropy increasing from $\beta \simeq 0.2$ at the cluster center, to $\beta \simeq 0.5$ at the virial radius. There is substantial variance in the $\beta(r)$ of the individual clusters, that cannot be entirely accounted for by the observational uncertainties. Clusters of lower mass and with a low concentration per given mass have more tangential $\beta(r)$. A comparison with cluster-sized halos in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations indicates a very good agreement for the average $\beta(r)$, but a smaller variance in the profiles than observed. We conclude that massive clusters cannot be characterized by a unique universal $\beta(r)$ and that the orbital distribution of cluster galaxies carries information on the merging history of the cluster.

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arXiv2025

The z = 9.625 Cosmic Gems Galaxy was a "Compact Blue Monster" Propelled by Massive Star Clusters

The recent discovery of five massive stellar clusters at z=9.625 in the Cosmic Gems has raised the question about the formation mechanism of star clusters in the first half Gyr after the Big-Bang. We infer the total stellar mass in clusters by normalizing and integrating the stellar cluster mass function (SCMF, dn(M)/dM ~ (n$_0$) $M^\beta$), assuming three different slopes $\beta$ = -1.5, -2.0 and -2.5 and different lower-mass limits between $10^2$ and $10^5$ Msun. The total integrated cluster stellar mass is compared to the stellar mass inferred from the counter-image of the Cosmic Gems, which provides the best, modestly magnified ($\mu$ = 1.84$\pm$0.05) representation of the entire galaxy. The delensed stellar mass of the Cosmic Gems galaxy is estimated as 3.5$_{-1.8}^{+3.3}$ x$10^7$ Msun, with an effective radius of Reff = 103$_{-15}^{+13}$ parsec and a stellar surface mass density of $\Sigma$mass = 520$_{-225}^{+340}$ Msun pc$^{-2}$. Accounting for normalization uncertainties - including different lensing magnification scenarios for the arc - a modified SCMF, combined with a significantly high star cluster formation efficiency (approaching 100%), appears to be a necessary condition to explain the relatively short formation timescale of both the star clusters and the counter-image, without exceeding the galaxy's stellar mass. By extrapolating the physical properties at the peak of the burst we find that in its recent past (<~ 30 Myr) the Cosmic Gems galaxy has likely experienced a specific star formation rate (sSFR) exceeding 25 Gyr$^{-1}$ and luminosity approaching the ``blue monster'' regime (M$_{UV}$ < -20). Our study provides insights into the extreme clustered nature of star formation in early galaxies and shed light into the formation of bound star clusters that might survive to z = 0 as globular clusters, older than 13 Gyr.

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