C. J. Esmerian | Searcharxiv

arXiv2026

Silicate cosmic dust grain collisions in the interstellar medium: A molecular dynamics study

(abridged) We aim to predict the most important parameters for grain-grain collision outcomes for models of interstellar grain population evolution on astrophysical scales: the threshold velocity above which colliding grains shatter, the threshold for vaporization, and resulting distributions of grain sizes. We use molecular dynamics simulations which evolve the dynamics of each atom in a dust grain to explore the outcomes of collisions between silicate grains of radii $a \in [5,50]~Å$ at velocities $0.1-20$ km/s. We run simulations of grains with two materials: amorphous SiO$_2$ and an amorphous silicate of composition suggested by Draine \& Hensley (2021). With these simulations, we quantify the collision velocity dependence of shattered and vaporized mass fractions, and the resulting size distributions of shattering products. We find grain shattering thresholds are $\sim$6 km/s for both amorphous SiO$_2$ and astrodust material, which is a factor of $\sim$2 higher than the canonical value for silicates of 2.7 km/s from Jones et al. (1996). This discrepancy is mostly alleviated by correcting an error in the expression for these velocity thresholds derived in Tielens et al. (1994). We find that the size distributions of shattered products are generally not consistent with the power law distributions predicted by this previous model. We also find that their expression fails to predict the fraction of shattered or vaporized material observed in our numerical simulations. The model of Hirashita \& Kobayashi (2013) for the same quantities similarly fails to match the simulations. We provide updated shattering velocity thresholds for candidate grain materials. Broadly, our updated threshold velocity prescription suggests that astrophysical dust grains, particularly those composed of silicate materials, may be more robust to shattering in the interstellar medium than previously assumed.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2014

Coronal Properties of the Seyfert 1.9 Galaxy MCG -05-23-016 Determined from Hard X-ray Spectroscopy with NuSTAR

Measurements of the high-energy cut-off in the coronal continuum of active galactic nuclei have long been elusive for all but a small number of the brightest examples. We present a direct measurement of the cut-off energy in the nuclear continuum of the nearby Seyfert 1.9 galaxy MCG -05-23-016 with unprecedented precision. The high sensitivity of NuSTAR up to 79 keV allows us to clearly disentangle the spectral curvature of the primary continuum from that of its reflection component. Using a simple phenomenological model for the hard X-ray spectrum, we constrain the cut-off energy to $116_{-5}^{+6}$ keV with 90% confidence. Testing for more complex models and nuisance parameters that could potentially influence the measurement, we find that the cut-off is detected robustly. We further use simple Comptonized plasma models to provide independent constraints for both the kinetic temperature of the electrons in the corona and its optical depth. At the 90% confidence level, we find $kT_e=29\pm2$ keV and $τ_e=1.23\pm0.08$ assuming a slab (disk-like) geometry, and $kT_e=25\pm2$ keV and $τ_e=3.5\pm0.2$ assuming a spherical geometry. Both geometries are found to fit the data equally well and their two principal physical parameters are correlated in both cases. With the optical depth in the optically thick regime, the data are pushing the currently available theoretical models of the Comptonized plasma to the limits of their validity. Since the spectral features and variability arising from the inner accretion disk have been observed previously in MCG -05-23-016, the inferred high optical depth implies that a spherical or disk-like corona cannot be homogeneous.

astro-ph.HE↗