arXiv subjects

C. Ledoux

Publications and source records attributed to C. Ledoux.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Telltale signs of metal recycling in the circumgalactic medium of a $z \sim 0.77$ galaxy

We present gravitational-arc tomography of the cool-warm enriched circumgalactic medium (CGM) of an isolated galaxy (``G1'') at $z \approx 0.77$. Combining VLT/MUSE adaptive-optics and Magellan/MagE echelle spectroscopy we obtain partially-resolved kinematics of MgII in absorption and [OII] in emission. The unique arc configuration allows us to probe 42 spatially independent arc positions transverse to G1, plus 4 positions in front of it. The transverse positions cover G1's minor and major axes at impact parameters of $\approx 10-30$ kpc and $\approx 60$ kpc, respectively. We observe a direct kinematic connection between the cool-warm enriched CGM (traced by MgII) and the interstellar medium (traced by [OII]). This provides strong evidence for the existence of an extended disc that co-rotates with the galaxy out to tens of kiloparsecs. The MgII velocity dispersion ($σ\approx 30-100$ km s$^{-1}$, depending on position) is of the same order as the modeled galaxy rotational velocity ($v_{\rm rot} \approx 80$ km s$^{-1}$), providing evidence for the presence of a turbulent and pressure-supported CGM component. We regard the absorption to be modulated by a galactic-scale outflow, as it offers a natural scenario for the observed line-of-sight dispersion and asymmetric profiles observed against both the arcs and the galaxy. An extended enriched co-rotating disc together with the signatures of a galactic outflow, are telltale signs of metal recycling in the $z\sim 1$ CGM.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

Sharpening quasar absorption lines with ESPRESSO: Temperature of warm gas at $z\sim2$, constraints on the Mg isotopic ratio, and structure of cold gas at $z\sim0.5$

We present a high-resolution (R=140,000) spectrum of the bright quasar HE0001-2340 (z=2.26), obtained with ESPRESSO at the Very Large Telescope. We analyse three systems at z=0.45, z=1.65, and z=2.19 using multiple-component Voigt-profile fitting. We also compare our spectrum with those obtained with VLT/UVES, covering a total period of 17 years. We disentangle turbulent and thermal broadening in many components spread over about 400 km/s in the z~2.19 sub-DLA system. We derive an average temperature of 16000+/-1300 K, i.e., about twice the canonical value of the warm neutral medium in the Galactic interstellar medium. A comparison with other high-z, low-metallicity absorbers reveals an anti-correlation between gas temperature and total HI column density. Although requiring confirmation, this could be the first observational evidence of a thermal decrease with galacto-centric distance, i.e., we may be witnessing a thermal transition between the circum-galactic medium and the cooler ISM. We revisit the Mg isotopic ratios at z=0.45 and z=1.65 and constrain them to be xi = (26Mg+25Mg)/24Mg <0.6 and <1.4 in these two systems, respectively. These values are consistent with the standard Solar ratio, i.e., we do not confirm strong enhancement of heavy isotopes previously inferred from UVES data. Finally, we confirm the partial coverage of the quasar emission-line region by a FeI-bearing cloud in the z=0.45 system and present evidence for velocity sub-structure of the gas that has Doppler parameters of the order of only ~0.3 km/s. This work demonstrates the uniqueness of high-fidelity, high-resolution optical spectrographs on large telescopes as tools to investigate the thermal state of the gas in and around galaxies as well as its spatial and velocity structure on small scales, and to constrain the associated stellar nucleosynthetic history. [abridged]

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2021

HD molecules at high redshift: cosmic-ray ionization rate in the diffuse interstellar medium

We present a systematic study of deuterated molecular hydrogen (HD) at high redshift, detected in absorption in the spectra of quasars. We present four new identifications of HD lines associated with known $\rm H_2$-bearing Damped Lyman-$α$ systems. In addition, we measure upper limits on the $\rm HD$ column density in twelve recently identified $\rm H_2$-bearing DLAs. We find that the new $\rm HD$ detections have similar $N({\rm HD})/N(\rm H_2)$ ratios as previously found, further strengthening a marked difference with measurements through the Galaxy. This is likely due to differences in physical conditions and metallicity between the local and the high-redshift interstellar media. Using the measured $N({\rm HD})/N({\rm H_2})$ ratios together with priors on the UV flux ($χ$) and number densities ($n$), obtained from analysis of $\rm H_2$ and associated CI lines, we are able to constrain the cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR, $ζ$) for the new $\rm HD$ detections and for eight known HD-bearing systems where priors on $n$ and $χ$ are available. We find significant dispersion in $ζ$, from a few $\times 10^{-18}$ s$^{-1}$ to a few $\times 10^{-15}$ s$^{-1}$. We also find that $ζ$ strongly correlates with $χ$ -- showing almost quadratic dependence, slightly correlates with $Z$, and does not correlate with $n$, which probably reflects a physical connection between cosmic rays and star-forming regions.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2020

Nature of the DLA towards Q0528-250: High pressure and strong UV field revealed by excitation of CI, H2 and SiII

We present the detection of excited fine-structure energy levels of singly-ionized silicon and neutral carbon associated with the proximate damped Lyman-$α$ system at $z_{\rm abs}=2.811$ towards \qso. This absorber has an apparent relative velocity that is inconsistent with the Hubble flow indicating motion along the line-of-sight towards the quasar, i.e., $z_{\rm abs}>z_{\rm em}$. We measure the metallicity of the system to be ${\rm [Zn/H]}=-0.68\pm 0.02$. Using the relative populations of the fine-structure levels of SiII and CI, as well as the populations of H$_2$ rotational levels, we constrain the physical conditions of the gas. We derive hydrogen number densities of $n_{\rm H}=190^{+70}_{-50}$ cm$^{-3}$ and $260^{+30}_{-20}$ cm$^{-3}$ in two velocity components where both CI and H$_2$ are detected. Taking into account the kinetic temperature in each component, $\sim 150$K, we infer high values of thermal pressure in the cold neutral medium probed by the observations. The strengths of the UV field in Draine's unit are $I_{\rm UV} = 10^{+5}_{-3}$ and $14^{+3}_{-3}$ in each of these two components, respectively. Such enhanced UV fluxes and thermal pressure compared to intervening DLAs are likely due to the proximity of the quasar. The typical size of the absorber is $\sim 10^4$ a.u. Assuming the UV flux is dominated by the quasar, we constrain the distance between the quasar and the absorber to be $\sim 150-200$ kpc. This favours a scenario where the absorption occurs in a companion galaxy located in the group where the quasar-host galaxy resides. This is in line with studies in emission that revealed the presence of several galaxies around the quasar.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Gaia-assisted discovery of a detached low-ionisation BAL quasar with very large ejection velocities

We report on the discovery of a peculiar Broad Absorption Line (BAL) quasar identified in our Gaia-assisted survey of red quasars. The systemic redshift of this quasar was difficult to establish due to the absence of conspicuous emission lines. Based on deep and broad BAL troughs (at least SiIV, CIV, and AlIII), a redshift of z=2.41 was established under the assumption that the systemic redshift can be inferred from the red edge of the BAL troughs. However, we observe a weak and spatially-extended emission line at 4450 AA most likely due to Lyman-alpha emission, which implies a systemic redshift of z=2.66 if correctly identified. There is also evidence for the onset of Lyman-alpha forest absorption bluewards of 4450 AA and evidence for H-alpha emission in the K-band consistent with a systemic redshift of z=2.66. If this redshift is correct, the quasar is an extreme example of a detached low-ionisation BAL quasar. The BAL lines must originate from material moving with very large velocities ranging from 22000 to 40000 km/s. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a systemic-redshift measurement based on extended Lyman-$α$ emission for a BAL quasar, a method that should also be useful in cases of sufficiently distant BL Lac quasars without systemic-redshift information.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Slicing the cool circumgalactic medium along the major-axis of a star-forming galaxy at $z = 0.7$

We present spatially-resolved echelle spectroscopy of an intervening MgII-FeII-MgI absorption-line system detected at $z_{\rm abs}=0.73379$ toward the giant gravitational arc PSZ1 G311.65-18.48. The absorbing gas is associated to an inclined disk-like star-forming galaxy, whose major axis is aligned with the two arc-segments reported here. We probe in absorption the galaxy's extended disk continuously, at $\approx 3$ kpc sampling, from its inner region out to $15\times$ the optical radius. We detect strong ($W_0^{2796}>0.3$ Å) coherent absorption along $13$ independent positions at impact parameters $D=0$--$29$ kpc on one side of the galaxy, and no absorption at $D=28$--$57$ kpc on the opposite side (all de-lensed distances at $z_{\rm abs}$). We show that: (1) the gas distribution is anisotropic; (2) $W_0^{2796}$, $W_0^{2600}$, $W_0^{2852}$, and the ratio $W_0^{2600}\!/W_0^{2796}$, all anti-correlate with $D$; (3) the $W_0^{2796}$-$D$ relation is not cuspy and exhibits significantly less scatter than the quasar-absorber statistics; (4) the absorbing gas is co-rotating with the galaxy out to $D \lesssim 20$ kpc, resembling a `flat' rotation curve, but at $D\gtrsim 20$ kpc velocities decline below the expectations from a 3D disk-model extrapolated from the nebular [OII] emission. These signatures constitute unambiguous evidence for rotating extra-planar diffuse gas, possibly also undergoing enriched accretion at its edge. Arguably, we are witnessing some of the long-sought processes of the baryon cycle in a single distant galaxy expected to be representative of such phenomena.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Chemical enrichment and host galaxies of extremely-strong intervening DLAs towards quasars

We present the results from VLT/X-shooter spectroscopic observations of 11 extremely strong intervening damped Lyman-alpha absorbers (ESDLAs) initially selected as high N(Hi) (i.e.>=5x10^21 cm-2) candidates from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We confirm the high Hi column densities which we measure to be in the range log N(Hi) = 21.6-22.4. Molecular hydrogen is detected with high column densities (N(H_2)>=10^18 cm-2) in five out of eleven systems, three of which are reported here for the first time. We compare the chemical properties of this sample of ESDLAs, supplemented with literature measurements, to that of DLAs located at the redshift of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRB-DLAs). We confirm that the two populations are almost indistinguishable in terms of chemical enrichment, H_2 column density and gas kinematics. All this suggests that ESDLAs and GRB-DLAs probe similar galactic environments. We search for the galaxy counterparts of ESDLAs and find associated emission lines in three out of eleven systems, two of which are reported here for the first time (towards the quasars SDSS J002503.03+114547.80 and SDSS J114347.21+142021.60, respectively). The measured separations between the quasar sightlines and the emission associated with the ESDLA galaxy are all very small (rho < 3 kpc). While the small impact parameters are similar to what is observed for GRB-DLAs, the associated star-formation rates are on average lower than seen for GRB host galaxies. This is explained by long-duration GRBs being associated with the death of massive stars, hence pinpointing regions of active star formation in the GRB host galaxies. Our observations support the suggestion from the literature that ESDLAs could act as blind analogues of GRB-DLAs, probing high column density neutral gas in the heart of high-redshift galaxies, without any prior on the instantaneous star-formation rate.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

X-shooter observations of strong H$_2$-bearing DLAs at high redshift

We present results from spectroscopic observations with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope of seven H2-bearing DLAs at high redshifts (z$_{\rm abs}\sim 2.5-3$). These DLAs were originally selected from the presence of strong H$_2$ lines directly seen at the DLA redshift in low-resolution, low S/N SDSS spectra. We confirm the detection of molecular hydrogen in all of them. We measure the column densities of HI, H$_2$ in various rotational levels, and metal species, and associated dust extinction. The metallicities, obtained from undepleted species, are in the range logZ=-0.8 to -0.2. We discuss the chemical enrichment in these clouds and compare their properties with that of other molecular-rich systems selected by other means. In particular, we show that three different methods of pre-selection of H$_2$-bearing DLAs in the SDSS have their own biases but complement each other mostly in terms of chemical enrichment. We use the rotational excitation of H$_2$ molecules together with the fine-structure energy levels of neutral carbon to constrain the physical conditions in the gas with the help of numerical modeling as well as analytical expressions for the surface density at which atomic to molecular conversion happens. We find that the H$_2$-bearing medium revealed by the studied DLAs has typical values for the kinetic temperature, hydrogen density, and UV radiation field of, respectively, T$\sim$100K, $n_{\rm H}\sim 100$ cm$^{-3}$, and I$_{\rm UV}$ about twice the intensity of the Draine field. Detailed studies combining different selections should, therefore, bring important clues to understand the HI-H$_2$ transition at high redshift.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

New constraints on the physical conditions in H$_2$-bearing GRB-host damped Lyman-$α$ absorbers

We report the detections of molecular hydrogen (H$_2$), vibrationally-excited H$_2$ (H$^*_2$), and neutral atomic carbon (CI), in two new afterglow spectra of GRBs\,181020A ($z=2.938$) and 190114A ($z=3.376$), observed with X-shooter at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Both host-galaxy absorption systems are characterized by strong damped Lyman-$α$ absorbers (DLAs) and substantial amounts of molecular hydrogen with $\log N$(HI, H$_2$) = $22.20\pm 0.05,~20.40\pm 0.04$ (GRB\,181020A) and $\log N$(HI, H$_2$) = $22.15\pm 0.05,~19.44\pm 0.04$ (GRB\,190114A). The DLA metallicites, depletion levels and dust extinctions are [Zn/H] = $-1.57\pm 0.06$, [Zn/Fe] = $0.67\pm 0.03$, and $A_V = 0.27\pm 0.02$\,mag (GRB\,181020A) and [Zn/H] = $-1.23\pm 0.07$, [Zn/Fe] = $1.06\pm 0.08$, and $A_V = 0.36\pm 0.02$\,mag (GRB\,190114A). We then examine the molecular gas content of all known H$_2$-bearing GRB-DLAs and explore the physical conditions and characteristics of these systems. We confirm that H$_2$ is detected in all CI- and H$^*_2$-bearing GRB absorption systems, but that these rarer features are not necessarily detected in all GRB H$_2$ absorbers. We find that a large molecular fraction of $f_{\rm H_2} \gtrsim 10^{-3}$ is required for CI to be detected. The defining characteristic for H$^*_2$ to be present is less clear, though a large H$_2$ column density is an essential factor. We then derive the H$_2$ excitation temperatures of the molecular gas and find that they are relatively low with $T_{\rm ex} \approx 100 - 300$\,K, however, there could be evidence of warmer components populating the high-$J$ H$_2$ levels in GRBs\,181020A and 190114A. Finally, we demonstrate that the otherwise successful X-shooter GRB afterglow campaign is hampered by a significant dust bias excluding the most dust-obscured H$_2$ absorbers from identification [Abridged].

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Proximate Molecular Quasar Absorbers: Excess of damped H2 systems at zabs~zQSO in SDSS DR14

We present results from a search for strong H2 absorption systems proximate to quasars (zabs~zem) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 14. The search is based on the Lyman-Werner band signature of damped H2 absorption lines without any prior on the associated metal or neutral hydrogen content. This has resulted in the detection of 81 systems with log N(H2)~19-20 located within a few thousand km/s from the quasar. Compared to a control sample of intervening systems, this implies an excess of proximate H2 systems by about a factor of 4 to 5. The incidence of H2 systems increases steeply with decreasing relative velocity, reaching an order of magnitude higher than expected from intervening statistics at Delta_v<1000 km/s. The most striking feature of the proximate systems compared to the intervening ones is the presence of Ly-alpha emission in the core of the associated damped HI absorption line in about half of the sample. This puts constraints on the relative projected sizes of the absorbing clouds to those of the quasar line emitting regions. Using the SDSS spectra, we estimate the HI, metal and dust content of the systems, which are found to have typical metallicities of one tenth Solar, albeit with a large spread among individual systems. We observe trends between the fraction of leaking Ly-alpha emission and the relative absorber-quasar velocity as well as with the excitation of several metal species, similar to what has been seen in metal-selected proximate DLAs. With the help of theoretical HI-H2 transition relations, we show that the presence of H2 helps to break the degeneracy between density and strength of the UV field as main sources of excitation and hence provides unique constraints on the possible origin and location of the absorbing clouds. We suggest that most of these systems originate from galaxies in the quasar group. [truncated]

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

Cold gas in the early Universe. Survey for neutral atomic-carbon in GRB host galaxies at 1 < z < 6 from optical afterglow spectroscopy

We present a survey for neutral atomic-carbon (CI) along gamma-ray burst (GRB) sightlines, which probes the shielded neutral gas-phase in the interstellar medium (ISM) of GRB host galaxies at high redshift. We compile a sample of 29 medium- to high-resolution GRB optical afterglow spectra spanning a redshift range through most of cosmic time from $1 < z < 6$. We find that seven ($\approx 25\%$) of the GRBs entering our statistical sample have CI detected in absorption. It is evident that there is a strong excess of cold gas in GRB hosts compared to absorbers in quasar sightlines. We investigate the dust properties of the GRB CI absorbers and find that the amount of neutral carbon is positively correlated with the visual extinction, $A_V$, and the strength of the 2175 Å dust extinction feature, $A_{\mathrm{bump}}$. GRBs with CI detected in absorption are all observed above a certain threshold of $\log N$(HI)$/\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ + [X/H] > 20.7 and a dust-phase iron column density of $\log N$(Fe)$_{\mathrm{dust}}/\mathrm{cm}^{-2}$ > 16.2. In contrast to the SED-derived dust properties, the strength of the CI absorption does not correlate with the depletion-derived dust properties. This indicates that the GRB CI absorbers trace dusty systems where the dust composition is dominated by carbon-rich dust grains. The observed higher metal and dust column densities of the GRB CI absorbers compared to H$_2$- and CI-bearing quasar absorbers is mainly a consequence of how the two absorber populations are selected, but is also required in the presence of intense UV radiation fields in actively star-forming galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

Evidence for diffuse molecular gas and dust in the hearts of gamma-ray burst host galaxies

Here we built up a sample of 22 GRBs at redshifts $z > 2$ observed with X-shooter to determine the abundances of hydrogen, metals, dust, and molecular species. This allows us to study the metallicity and dust depletion effects in the neutral ISM at high redshift and to answer the question whether (and why) there might be a lack of H$_2$ in GRB-DLAs. We fit absorption lines and measure the column densities of different metal species as well as atomic and molecular hydrogen. The derived relative abundances are used to fit dust depletion sequences and determine the dust-to-metals ratio and the host-galaxy intrinsic visual extinction. There is no lack of H$_2$-bearing GRB-DLAs. We detect absorption lines from H$_2$ in 6 out of 22 GRB afterglow spectra, with molecular fractions ranging between $f\simeq 5\cdot10^{-5}$ and $f\simeq 0.04$, and claim tentative detections in three other cases. The GRB-DLAs in the present sample have on average low metallicities ($\mathrm{[X/H]}\approx -1.3$), comparable to the rare population of QSO-ESDLAs (log N(HI) $> 21.5$). H$_2$-bearing GRB-DLAs are found to be associated with significant dust extinction, $A_V > 0.1$ mag, and have dust-to-metals ratios DTM$ > 0.4$. All of these systems exhibit column densities of log N(HI) $> 21.7$. The overall fraction of H$_2$ detections is $\ge 27$% (41% including tentative detections), which is three times larger than in the general population of QSO-DLAs. For $2 21.7$, the H$_2$ detection fraction is 60-80% in GRB-DLAs as well as in extremely strong QSO-DLAs. This is likely a consequence of the fact that both GRB- and QSO-DLAs with high N(HI) probe sight-lines with small impact parameters that indicate that the absorbing gas is associated with the inner regions of the absorbing galaxy, where the gas pressure is higher and the conversion of HI to H$_2$ takes place.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

Molecular gas and star formation in an absorption-selected galaxy: Hitting the bull's eye at z = 2.46

We present the detection analysis of a diffuse molecular cloud at z$_{abs}$=2.4636 towards the quasar SDSS J1513+0352(z$_{em}\,\simeq$ 2.68) observed with the X-shooter spectrograph(VLT). We measure very high column densities of atomic and molecular hydrogen, with log N(HI,H$_2$)$\simeq$21.8,21.3. This is the highest H$_2$ column density ever measured in an intervening damped Lyman-alpha system but we do not detect CO, implying log N(CO)/N(H$_2$) < -7.8, which could be due to a low metallicity of the cloud. From the metal absorption lines, we derive the metallicity to be Z $\simeq$ 0.15 Z$_{\odot}$ and determine the amount of dust by measuring the induced extinction of the background quasar light, A$_V$ $\simeq$ 0.4. We also detect Ly-$α$ emission at the same redshift, with a centroid located at a most probable impact parameter of only $ρ\,\simeq$ 1.4 kpc. We argue that the line of sight is therefore likely passing through the ISM of a galaxy as opposed to the CGM. The relation between the surface density of gas and that of star formation seems to follow the global empirical relation derived in the nearby Universe although our constraints on the star formation rate and on the galaxy extent remain too loose to be conclusive. We study the transition from atomic to molecular hydrogen using a theoretical description based on the microphysics of molecular hydrogen. We use the derived chemical properties of the cloud and physical conditions (T$_k\,\simeq$90 K and n$\simeq$250 cm$^{-3}$ derived through the excitation of H$_2$ rotational levels and neutral carbon fine structure transitions to constrain the fundamental parameters that govern this transition. By comparing the theoretical and observed HI column densities, we are able to bring an independent constraint on the incident UV flux, which we find to be in agreement with that estimated from the observed star formation rate.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

The 2175 Å extinction feature in the optical afterglow spectrum of GRB 180325A at z=2.25

The UV extinction feature at 2175 Å is ubiquitously observed in the Galaxy but is rarely detected at high redshifts. Here we report the spectroscopic detection of the 2175 Å bump on the sightline to the γ-ray burst (GRB) afterglow GRB 180325A at z=2.2486, the only unambiguous detection over the past ten years of GRB follow-up, at four different epochs with the Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) and the Very Large Telescope (VLT)/X-shooter. Additional photometric observations of the afterglow are obtained with the Gamma-Ray burst Optical and Near-Infrared Detector (GROND). We construct the near-infrared to X-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs) at four spectroscopic epochs. The SEDs are well-described by a single power-law and an extinction law with R_V~4.4, A_V~1.5, and the 2175 Å extinction feature. The bump strength and extinction curve are shallower than the average Galactic extinction curve. We determine a metallicity of [Zn/H]>-0.98 from the VLT/X-shooter spectrum. We detect strong neutral carbon associated with the GRB with an equivalent width of Wr(λ1656) = 0.85+/-0.05. We also detect optical emission lines from the host galaxy. Based on the Hαemission line flux, the derived dust-corrected star-formation rate is ~46+/-4 M_sun/yr and the predicted stellar mass is log M*/M_sun~9.3+/-0.4, suggesting the host galaxy is amongst the main-sequence star-forming galaxies.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

A quasar hiding behind two dusty absorbers. Quantifying the selection bias of metal-rich, damped Lyman-alpha absorption systems

The cosmic chemical enrichment as measured from damped Ly$α$ absorbers (DLAs) will be underestimated if dusty and metal-rich absorbers have evaded identification. Here we report the discovery and present the spectroscopic observations of a quasar, KV-RQ\,1500-0031, at $z=2.520$ reddened by a likely dusty DLA at $z=2.428$ and a strong MgII absorber at $z=1.603$. This quasar was identified as part of the KiDS-VIKING Red Quasar (KV-RQ) survey, specifically aimed at targeting dusty absorbers which may cause the background quasars to escape the optical selection of e.g. the SDSS quasar survey. For the DLA we find an HI column density of $\log N$(HI) = $21.2\pm 0.1$ and a metallicity of [X/H] = $-0.90\pm 0.20$ derived from an empirical relation based on the equivalent width of SiII$λ$1526. We observe a total visual extinction of $A_V=0.16$ mag induced by both absorbers. We compile a sample of 17 additional dusty ($A_V > 0.1$ mag) DLAs toward quasars (QSO-DLAs) from the literature for which we characterize the properties of HI column density, metallicity and dust. From this sample we also estimate a correction factor to the overall DLA metallicity budget. We demonstrate that the dusty QSO-DLAs have high metal column densities ($\log N$(HI) + [X/H]) and are more similar to gamma-ray burst (GRB)-selected DLAs (GRB-DLAs) than regular QSO-DLAs. We evaluate the effect of dust reddening in DLAs as well as illustrate how the induced color excess of the underlying quasars can be significant (up to $\sim 1$ mag in various optical bands), even for low to moderate extinction values ($A_V \lesssim 0.6$ mag). Finally we discuss the direct and indirect implications of a significant dust bias in both QSO- and GRB-DLA samples. [Abridged]

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2018

The X-shooter GRB afterglow legacy sample (XS-GRB)

In this work we present spectra of all $γ$-ray burst (GRB) afterglows that have been promptly observed with the X-shooter spectrograph until 31-03-2017. In total, we obtained spectroscopic observations of 103 individual GRBs observed within 48 hours of the GRB trigger. Redshifts have been measured for 97 per cent of these, covering a redshift range from 0.059 to 7.84. Based on a set of observational selection criteria that minimize biases with regards to intrinsic properties of the GRBs, the follow-up effort has been focused on producing a homogeneous sample of 93 afterglow spectra for GRBs discovered by the Swift satellite. We here provide a public release of all the reduced spectra, including continuum estimates and telluric absorption corrections. For completeness, we also provide reductions for the 18 late-time observations of the underlying host galaxies. We provide an assessment of the degree of completeness with respect to the parent GRB population, in terms of the X-ray properties of the bursts in the sample and find that the sample presented here is representative of the full Swift sample. We constrain the fraction of dark bursts to be < 28 per cent and we confirm previous results that higher optical darkness is correlated with increased X-ray absorption. For the 42 bursts for which it is possible, we provide a measurement of the neutral hydrogen column density, increasing the total number of published HI column density measurements by $\sim$ 33 per cent. This dataset provides a unique resource to study the ISM across cosmic time, from the local progenitor surroundings to the intervening universe.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2018

Spotting high-z molecular absorbers using neutral carbon: Results from a complete spectroscopic survey with the VLT

While molecular quasar absorption systems provide unique probes of the physical and chemical properties of the gas as well as original constraints on fundamental physics and cosmology, their detection remains challenging. Here we present the results from a complete survey for molecular gas in thirty-nine absorption systems selected solely upon the detection of neutral carbon lines in SDSS spectra, without any prior knowledge of the atomic or molecular gas content. H2 is found in all twelve systems (including seven new detections) where the corresponding lines are covered by the instrument setups and measured to have log N(H2)>=18, indicating a self-shielded regime. We also report seven CO detections (7/39) down to log N(CO)~13.5, including a new one, and put stringent constraints on N(CO) for the remaining 32 systems. N(CO) and N(CI) are found to be strongly correlated with N(CO)/N(CI)~1/10. This suggests that the CI-selected absorber population is probing gas deeper than the HI-H2 transition in which a substantial fraction of the total hydrogen in the cloud is in the form of H2. We conclude that targeting CI-bearing absorbers is a very efficient way to find high-metallicity molecular absorbers. However, probing the molecular content in lower metallicity regimes as well as high column density neutral gas remains to be undertaken to unravel the processes of gas conversion in normal high-z galaxies

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2017

The MeerKAT Absorption Line Survey (MALS)

Deep galaxy surveys have revealed that the global star formation rate (SFR) density in the Universe peaks at 1 < z < 2 and sharply declines towards z = 0. But a clear picture of the underlying processes, in particular the evolution of cold atomic (~100 K) and molecular gas phases, that drive such a strong evolution is yet to emerge. MALS is designed to use MeerKAT's L- and UHF-band receivers to carry out the most sensitive (N(HI)>10$^{19}$ cm$^{-2}$) dust-unbiased search of intervening HI 21-cm and OH 18-cm absorption lines at 0 < z < 2. This will provide reliable measurements of the evolution of cold atomic and molecular gas cross-sections of galaxies, and unravel the processes driving the steep evolution in the SFR density. The large sample of HI and OH absorbers obtained from the survey will (i) lead to tightest constraints on the fundamental constants of physics, and (ii) be ideally suited to probe the evolution of magnetic fields in disks of galaxies via Zeeman Splitting or Rotation Measure synthesis. The survey will also provide an unbiased census of HI and OH absorbers, i.e. cold gas associated with powerful AGNs (>10$^{24}$ W Hz$^{-1}$) at 0 < z < 2, and will simultaneously deliver a blind HI and OH emission line survey, and radio continuum survey. Here, we describe the MALS survey design, observing plan and the science issues to be addressed under various science themes.

astro-ph.GA↗