Interedge backscattering in quantum spin Hall-based NS and SNS junctions
We investigate the microscopic conditions that allow for the coupling between opposite quantum spin Hall (QSH) edges in hybrid junctions with superconductors. Using a microscopic Bernevig--Hughes--Zhang model and the Bogoliubov--de Gennes formalism, we model a potential barrier along the NS interface and identify the parameter regimes in which the QSH edges are coupled. In normal--superconductor junctions, such coupling manifests as deviations from the quantized zero-bias Andreev conductance $G=4e^2/h$. These deviations are controlled by the induced gap in the barrier, the barrier geometry, the interface transparency, orbital and Fermi-velocity mismatch, and disorder strength as well as the bias voltage leading to a zero-bias peak. We then analyze the impact of this interedge-coupling mechanism in Josephson junctions at equilibrium and show that it hybridizes the edge-resolved Andreev branches, opens gaps at the time-reversal-invariant phase differences $φ=0$ and $φ=π$, and modifies the superconducting quantum interference pattern. In a reflection-symmetric geometry, the relative sizes of the two gap openings provide complementary information about the interedge dynamical phase, which also determines the parity of the suppressed lobes in the magnetic interference pattern. This investigation sheds light on the microscopic details that control the coupling of helical edge states in actual devices and the resulting consequences for superconducting hybrid systems.