pqSEDMD: Subspace Methods for Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition Identification
The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), along with its variant for nonlinear systems, the extended DMD (EDMD), are powerful tools for the extraction of meaningful spatio-temporal characteristics of (non)linear dynamical systems from measurement data. Despite some efforts to handle the identification task when dealing with real-world data, the decomposition based methods face a critical challenge: real-world data has two inherent sources of uncertainty, the process and measurement noise. Subspace identification methods, are robust tools able to provide accurate state-space models for multi-variable linear systems directly from input-output data. Combining these two methods, we introduce the p-q quasi-norm Subspace Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition (pqSEDMD). An algorithm that uses our previous improvements to the EDMD by the use of a p-q-quasi-norm reduction on an orthogonal polynomial basis, the pqEDMD algorithm, along with subspace identification methods. The result is a robust approximation of nonlinear systems in a linear function space, combining the strengths of the two methodologies. Throughout the paper we will use the Duffing oscillator as a benchmark problem to show the effectiveness of the algorithm and illustrate many important aspects related to the development.