arXiv subjects

Carl H. Gibson

Publications and source records attributed to Carl H. Gibson.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

arXiv2006

Cold dark matter cosmology conflicts with fluid mechanics and observations

Cold dark matter hierarchical clustering (CDMHC) cosmology based on the Jeans 1902 criterion for gravitational instability gives predictions about the early universe contrary to fluid mechanics and observations. Jeans neglected viscosity, diffusivity, and turbulence: factors that determine gravitational structure formation and contradict small structures (CDM halos) forming from non-baryonic dark matter particle candidates. From hydro-gravitational-dynamics (HGD) cosmology, viscous-gravitational fragmentation produced supercluster (10^46 kg), cluster, and galaxy-mass (10^42 kg) clouds in the primordial plasma with the large fossil density turbulence (rho_o ~ 3x10-17 kg m-3) of the first fragmentation at 10^12 s, and a protogalaxy linear and spiral clump morphology reflecting maximum stretching near vortex lines of the plasma turbulence at the 10^13 s plasma-gas transition. Gas protogalaxies fragmented into proto-globular-star-cluster mass (10^36 kg) clumps of protoplanet gas clouds that are now frozen as earth-mass (10^24-^25 kg) Jovian planets of the baryonic dark matter, about 30,000,000 rogue planets per star. Observations contradict the CDMHCC prediction of large explosive Population III first stars at 10^16 s, but support the immediate gentle formation of small Population II first stars at 10^13 s in globular-star-clusters from HGD.

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arXiv2006

The Fluid Mechanics of Gravitational Structure Formation

The standard model for gravitational structure formation in astrophysics, astronomy, and cosmology is questioned. Cold dark matter (CDM) hierarchical clustering cosmology neglects particle collisions, viscosity, turbulence and diffusion and makes predictions in conflict with observations. From Jeans 1902 and CDMHC, the non-baryonic dark matter NBDM forms small clumps during the plasma epoch after the big bang that ``cluster'' into larger clumps. CDM halo clusters collect the baryonic matter (H and He) by gravity so that after 300 Myr of ``dark ages'', huge, explosive (Population III) first stars appear, and then galaxies and galaxy clusters. Contrary to CDMHC cosmology, ``hydro-gravitational-dynamics'' HGD cosmology suggests the diffusive NBDM material cannot clump and the clumps cannot cluster. From HGD, the big bang results from an exothermic turbulent instability at Planck scales (10^{-35} m). Turbulent stresses cause an inflation of space and fossil density turbulence remnants that trigger gravitational instability at protosupercluster masses (10^{46} kg) in the H-He plasma. These fragment along plasma turbulence vortex lines to form protogalaxy masses (10^{42} kg) just before the transition to gas. The gas has x10^{-13} smaller viscosity, so it fragments at planetary and globular-star-cluster masses (10^{25} and 10^{36} kg) to form the baryonic dark matter (BDM). Observations from the Hubble Space Telescope show protogalaxies (PGs) in linear clusters reflecting their likely fragmentation on plasma vortex lines. From merging BDM planets, these PGs gently form small stars in globular clusters <1 Myr after the big bang without the dark ages, superstars, or reionization of CDM cosmology.

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arXiv2005

The first turbulent combustion

The first turbulent combustion arises in a hot big bang cosmological model Gibson (2004) where nonlinear exothermic turbulence permitted by quantum mechanics, general relativity, multidimensional superstring theory, and fluid mechanics cascades from Planck to strong force freeze out scales with gravity balancing turbulent inertial-vortex forces. Interactions between Planck scale spinning and non-spinning black holes produce high Reynolds number turbulence and temperature mixing with huge Reynolds stresses driving the rapid inflation of space. Kolmogorovian turbulent temperature patterns are fossilized as strong-force exponential inflation stretches them beyond the scale of causal connection ct where c is light speed and t is time. Fossil temperature turbulence patterns seed nucleosynthesis, and then hydro-gravitational structure formation in the plasma epoch, Gibson (1996, 2000). Evidence about formation mechanisms is preserved by cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies. CMB spectra indicate hydro-gravitational fragmentation at supercluster to galaxy masses in the primordial plasma with space stretched by \~10^50. Bershadskii and Sreenivasan (2002, 2003) CMB multi-scaling coefficients support a strong turbulence origin for the anisotropies prior to the plasma epoch.

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arXiv2003

Turbulence and Fossil Turbulence in Oceans and Lakes

Turbulence is defined as an eddy-like state of fluid motion where the inertial-vortex forces of the eddies are larger than any of the other forces that tend to damp the eddies out. Energy cascades of irrotational flows from large scales to small are non-turbulent, even if they supply energy to turbulence. Turbulent flows are rotational and cascade from small scales to large, with feedback. Viscous forces limit the smallest turbulent eddy size to the Kolmogorov scale. In stratified fluids, buoyancy forces limit large vertical overturns to the Ozmidov scale and convert the largest turbulent eddies into a unique class of saturated, non-propagating, internal waves, termed fossil-vorticity-turbulence. These waves have the same energy but different properties and spectral forms than the original turbulence patch. The Gibson (1980, 1986) theory of fossil turbulence applies universal similarity theories of turbulence and turbulent mixing to the vertical evolution of an isolated patch of turbulence in a stratified fluid as its growth is constrained and fossilized by buoyancy forces. These theories apply to the dynamics of atmospheric, astrophysical and cosmological turbulence.

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arXiv2003

Evidence for Hydro-Gravitational Structure Formation Theory versus Cold-Dark-Matter, Hierarchical-Clustering, and Jeans 1902

Observations are compared to conflicting predictions about self-gravitational structure formation by the hydro-gravitational theory (HGT) of Gibson 1996-2003 versus cold-dark-matter hierarchical-clustering-cosmology (CDMHCC) and the Jeans 1902 criterion. According to HGT, gravitational structures form immediately after mass-energy equality by plasma fragmentation at 30,000 years when viscous and weak turbulence forces first balance gravitational forces within the horizon L_H = ct < L_J = c/[3ρG]^1/2, contrary to the Jeans 1902 criterion. Buoyancy forces fossilize the 10^-12 s^-1 rate-of-strain and the 10^-17 kg m^-3 baryonic density. The non-baryonic dark matter (NBDM) diffuses into the voids rather than forming cold-dark-matter (CDM) halos required by CDMHCC. From HGT, supercluster-mass to galaxy-mass fragments exist at the plasma to gas transition, and these fragment further to form proto-globular-star clusters (PGCs) and planetary-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs): the baryonic dark matter of the interstellar-medium and inner-galaxy-dark-matter-halos, from which all planets and stars are formed by accretion (Gibson 1996, Schild 1996). From HGT and a rich cluster mass profile (Tyson and Fischer 1995), D_NBDM = 6 x10^28 m^2 s^-1, m_NBDM <= 10^-33 kg, and the NBDM forms outer-galaxy halos after 300,000 years.

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arXiv2003

Interpretation of the Helix Planetary Nebula using Hydro-Gravitational Theory

Wide angle Hubble Space Telescope (HST/ACS) images of the Helix Planetary Nebula (NGC 7293) are interpreted using the hydro-gravitational theory (HGT) of Gibson 1996-2000 that predicts the baryonic dark matter and interstellar medium (ISM) consists of Mars-mass primordial-fog-particle (PFP) frozen H-He planets. The new ACS images confirm and extend the O'Dell and Handron 1996 WFPC2 images showing thousands of cometary globules, which we suggest are cocoons of PFP and Jupiter frozen-gas-planets evaporated by powerful beamed radiation from the hot central white dwarf and its companion. The atmosphere mass of the largest cometary globules is ~ 3x10^{25} kg with spacing ~ 10^{14} m, supporting the prediction of HGT that the mass density of the ISM in Galaxy star forming regions should match the large baryonic primordial value at the time of first structure formation (10^{12} s or 30,000 years), with ρ~ (3-1)x 10^{-17} kg m^{-3}.

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arXiv2003

Hydro-gravitational fragmentation, diffusion and condensation of the primordial plasma, dark-matter and gas

The first structures were proto-voids formed in the primordial plasma. Viscous and weak turbulence forces balanced gravitational forces when the scale of causal connection at time 30,000 years matched the viscous and turbulent Schwarz scales of hydro-gravitational theory (Gibson 1996). The photon viscosity allows only weak turbulence from the Reynolds number Re = 200, with fragmentation to give proto-supercluster voids, buoyancy forces, fossil vorticity turbulence, and strong sonic damping. The expanding, cooling, plasma continued fragmentation to proto-galaxy-mass with the density and rate-of-strain preserved as fossils of the weak turbulence and first structure. Turbulence fossilization by self-gravitational buoyancy explains the cosmic microwave background temperature fluctuations, not sonic oscillations in cold-dark-matter fragments. After plasma to gas transition at 300,000 years, gas fragmentation occurred within the proto-galaxies to form proto-globular-star-cluster (PGCs) clouds of small-planetary-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs). Dark PGC clumps of frozen PFPs persist as the inner-galaxy-halo dark matter, supporting Schild's 1996 quasar-microlensing interpretation. Non-baryonic dark matter diffused into the plasma proto-cluster-voids and later fragmented as outer-galaxy-halos at diffusive Schwarz scales, indicating light, weakly-collisional fluid particles (possibly neutrinos). Observations support the theory (Gibson and Schild 2003).

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arXiv2003

Interpretation of the Tadpole VV29 Merging Galaxy System using Hydro-Gravitational Theory

Hubble Space Telescope (HST/ACS) images of the galaxy merger Tadpole are interpreted using the hydro-gravitational theory of Gibson 1996-2000 (HGT) that predicts galaxy masses within about 100 kpc are dominated by dark halos of planetary mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs) in dark proto-globular-star-clusters (PGCs). According to our interpretation, stars and young-globular-clusters (YGCs) appear out of the dark as merging galaxy components VV29cdef move through the baryonic-dark-matter halo of the larger galaxy VV29a creating luminous star-wakes. Frozen PFP planets are evaporated by radiation and tidal forces of the intruders. Friction from the gas accelerates an accretional cascade of PFPs to form larger planets, stars and YGCs of the filamentary galaxy VV29b. Star-wakes show that galaxy VV29c, identified as a blue dwarf by radio telescope observations of gas density and velocity (Briggs et al. 2001), with companions VV29def entered the dark halo of the larger VV29a galaxy at a radius 130 kpc and then spiraled in on different tracks toward frictional capture by the VV29a core. A previously dark dwarf galaxy is identified from a Keck spectrographic study showing a VV29c star-wake dense cluster of YGCs aligned to 1 degree in a close straight row (Tran et al. 2003).

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arXiv2003

Planck-Kerr Turbulence

A quantum gravitational instability is identified at Planck scales between non-spinning extreme Schwarzschild black holes and spinning extreme Kerr black holes, which produces a turbulent Planck particle gas. Planck inertial vortex forces balance gravitational forces as the Planck turbulence cascades to larger scales and the universe expands and cools. Turbulent mixing of temperature fluctuations and viscous dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy provide irreversibilities necessary to sustain the process to the strong force freeze out temperature where inflation begins. Turbulent temperature fluctuations are fossilized when they are stretched by inflation beyond the horizon scale of causal connection. As the horizon of the expanding universe grows, the fluctuations seed patterns of nucleosynthesis, and these seed the formation of structure in the plasma epoch. Fossil big bang turbulence is supported by extended self similarity coefficients computed for cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropies that match those for high Reynolds number turbulence.

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arXiv2003

Interpretation of the Stephan Quintet Galaxy Cluster using Hydro-Gravitational Theory

Stephan's Quintet (SQ) is a compact group of galaxies that has been well studied since its discovery in 1877 but is mysterious using cold dark matter hierarchical clustering cosmology (CDMHCC). Anomalous red shifts z = (0.0027,0.019, 0.022, 0.022, 0.022) among galaxies in SQ either; reduce it to a Trio with two highly improbable intruders from CDMHCC, or support the Arp (1973) hypothesis that its red shifts may be intrinsic. An alternative is provided by the Gibson 1996-2000 hydro-gravitational-theory (HGT) where superclusters, clusters and galaxies all originate by universe expansion and gravitational fragmentation in the super-viscous plasma epoch (after which the gas condenses as 10^{24} kg fog-particles in metastable 10^{36} kg dark-matter-clumps). By this fluid mechanical cosmology, the SQ galaxies gently separated recently and remain precisely along a line of sight because of perspective and the small transverse velocities permitted by their sticky, viscous-gravitational, beginnings. Star and gas bridges and young-globular-star-cluster (YGC) trails observed by the HST are triggered as SQ galaxies separate through each other's frozen baryonic-dark-matter halos of dark proto-globular-cluster (PGC) clumps of planetary-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs). Discordant red shifts (from CDMHCC) between angularly clustered quasars and bright galaxies are similarly explained by HGT.

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arXiv2003

Turbulence and diffusion: fossil turbulence

Fossil turbulence processes are central to turbulence, turbulent mixing, and turbulent diffusion in the ocean and atmosphere, in astrophysics and cosmology, and in most other natural flows. George Gamov suggested in 1954 that galaxies might be fossils of primordial turbulence produced by the Big Bang. John Woods showed that breaking internal waves on horizontal dye sheets in the interior of the stratified ocean form highly persistent remnants of these turbulent events, which he called fossil turbulence. The dark mixing paradox of the ocean refers to undetected mixing that must exist somewhere to explain why oceanic scalar fields like temperature and salinity are so well mixed, just as the dark matter paradox of galaxies refers to undetected matter that must exist to explain why rotating galaxies don't fly apart by centrifugal forces. Both paradoxes result from sampling techniques that fail to account for the extreme intermittency of random variables involved in self-similar, nonlinear, cascades over a wide range of scales; turbulent vorticity for dark mixing, and accreting small-planetary-mass MACHO number density for dark matter.

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arXiv2001

Turbulence and mixing in the early universe

The role of turbulence and turbulent mixing in the formation and evolution of the early universe is examined. A new quantum-gravitational-dynamics model suggests that the mechanism of the hot big bang is functionally equivalent to the mechanism of turbulence, where an inertial-vortex force at Planck scales matches the Planck gravitational force and drives the formation of space-time-energy and the formation of more Planck particles, more spinning Planck-Kerr particles, and a big bang turbulence cascade to larger scales before cooling to the strong force freeze out temperature. Temperature fluctuations between the Planck temperature and strong force temperature are mixed by turbulence to give a Corrsin-Obukhov spectral form. Inflation fossilizes the turbulent temperature fluctuations by stretching them beyond the horizon scale of causal connection ct, where c is light speed and t is time. Fossil temperature turbulence fluctuations seed anisotropies in the nucleosynthesis of light elements, causing density fluctuations that seed the first formation of gravitational structure in the matter dominated hydrogen-helium plasma: proto-voids at galaxy supercluster scales. Evidence of the proposed big bang turbulence event and first gravitational structure formation is provided by the spectral form of the cosmic microwave temperature fluctuations, which have been misinterpreted as sonic.

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arXiv2001

Turbulence, turbulent mixing, and gravitational structure formation in the early Universe

Turbulence and turbulent mixing of temperature powered the big bang formation of the universe at Planck length, time, and temperature scales. Planck-Kerr inertial-vortex forces balanced Planck gravitational forces to produce Planck (particle-pair) gas, Planck-gas turbulence and space-time-energy. Inflation at the strong force temperature fossilized the turbulence. Gluon-neutrino-photon bulk viscous forces exceeded gravitational and inertial-vortex forces of the baryonic (ordinary) matter during the radiation dominated hot plasma epoch, and large diffusive velocities of the weakly interacting nonbaryonic dark matter (possibly neutrinos) prevented gravitational structure formation of this material, contrary to the 1902 Jeans acoustic criterion and "cold dark matter" models. The first plasma structures were proto-galaxy-super-cluster fragments and voids triggered by turbulent-viscous-gravitational masses matching the horizon mass at time 10^12 s. The last plasma structures formed were proto-galaxies. At the 10^13 s plasma-gas transition, the proto-galaxies fragmented to form proto-globular-star-cluster clumps of earth-mass primordial-fog-particles (PFPs) that now comprise the baryonic dark matter. Observational evidence of PFPs is provided by young globular star clusters formed when galaxies merge, thousands of cometary knots seen around dying stars, and the rapid twinkling of lensed quasar images.

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arXiv2001

The First Turbulence

Chaotic, eddy-like motions dominated by inertial-vortex forces begin immediately at Planck scales in a hot big-bang cosmological model. This quantum-gravitational-dynamics epoch produced not only the first space-time-energy of the universe but the first large Reynolds number turbulence and turbulent mixing with Kolmogorov and Batchelor-Obukhov-Corrsin velocity and temperature gradient spectra. Strong-force-freeze-out and inflation produced the first fossil temperature turbulence by stretching the fluctuations beyond the horizon scale ct of causal connection at light speed c in time t. The spectrum increases toward a maximum at the smallest (fossilized Planck) scales, contrary to either the flat Harrison-Zel'dovich form usually assumed or Tilted forms with maxima at large (fossilized strong-force) scales used to explain observed plasma epoch temperature fluctuations as acoustic. A second transition to turbulence was inhibited by buoyancy forces from the first structures, as indicated by observations that dT/T in the cosmic microwave background radiation is only 10^-5 except at the spectral peak and increases smoothly as wavenumber k^1/6. The peak is therefore due to gravitational structure not sound.

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arXiv2000

Turbulent mixing, viscosity, diffusion and gravity in the formation of cosmological structures: the fluid mechanics of dark matter

Self-gravitational structure formation theory for astrophysics and cosmology is revised using nonlinear fluid mechanics. Gibson's 1996-2000 theory balances fluid mechanical forces with gravitational forces and density diffusion with gravitational diffusion at critical viscous, turbulent, magnetic, and diffusion length scales termed Schwarz scales. Instability occurs for scales larger than the largest Schwarz scale rather than only for scales larger than the acoustic scale introduced by Jeans 1902. From the new theory, the inner-halo-dark-matter of galaxies consists of dark proto-globular-star-cluster (PGC) clumps of small-planetary-mass objects called primordial fog particles (PFPs) formed soon after decoupling at 300,000 years. PFPs explain Schild's 1996 "rogue planets >... likely to be the missing mass" of a quasar lens-galaxy. WIMP dark matter fluid is super-diffusive and fragments at large L_SD scales to form outer-galaxy-halos. In the beginning of structure formation 30,000 years after the Big Bang the viscous Schwarz scale L_SV matched the horizon scale L_H at proto-galaxy-supercluster masses, decreasing to proto-galaxy fragments at 300,000 years. WIMP diffusivities from observed outer-halo (L_SD) scales indicate WIMP particle masses in the neutrino rather than neutralino range.

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arXiv2000

Clumps of hydrogenous planetoids as the dark matter of galaxies

Nonlinear gravitational condensation theory and quasar-microlensing observations lead to the conclusion that the baryonic mass of most galaxies is dominated by dense clumps of hydrogenous planetoids. Star microlensing collaborations fail to detect planetoids as the dominant dark matter component of the Galaxy halo by an unjustified uniform-number-density assumption that underestimates the average value. From (Jeans's 1902) linear gravitational condensation theory, and from nonlinear theory for different reasons, proto-globular-cluster (PGC) mass gas blobs should form soon after the plasma epoch ends and neutral gas appears, about 300,000 years after the Big Bang. Such PGC blobs should then fragment into planetary-mass objects at viscous and turbulent Schwarz scales of the weakly turbulent primordial gas, from Gibson's 1996 nonlinear theory. Schild's 1996 interpretation, from measured twinkling frequencies of the lensed quasar Q0957+561 A,B (after subtraction of the phased images), was that the mass of the lens galaxy is dominated by "rogue planets >... likely to be the missing mass". Schild's findings of a 1.1 year image time delay, with dominant planetoid image-twinkling-period, are confirmed herein by three observatories.

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arXiv2000

Quasar-microlensing versus star-microlensing evidence of small-planetary-mass objects as the dominant inner-halo galactic dark matter

We examine recent results of two kinds of microlensing experiments intended to detect galactic dark matter objects, and we suggest that the lack of short period star-microlensing events observed for stars near the Galaxy does not preclude either the ``rogue planets'' identified from quasar-microlensing by Schild 1996 as the missing-mass of a lens galaxy, or the clumps of such objects predicted by the new Gibson 1996-2000 hydro-gravitational theory as the inner-halo galactic dark matter. We point out that such micro-brown-dwarfs in nonlinear accretional cascades to form stars give intermittent lognormal number density n_p distributions. Hence, star-microlensing searches that focus on a small fraction of the sky and assume a uniform distribution for n_p are subject to undersampling errors. Sparse independent samples give modes smaller than means of the highly skewed lognormal distributions expected. Quasar-microlensing searches with higher optical depths are less affected by intermittency. We attempt to reconcile the results of the star-microlensing and quasar-microlensing studies. We conclude that star microlensing searches cannot exclude and are unlikely to even detect these objects so easily observed by quasar-microlensing and so robustly predicted by the new theory.

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arXiv2000

Fossils of turbulence and non-turbulence in the primordial universe: the fluid mechanics of dark matter

Was the primordial universe turbulent or non-turbulent soon after the Big Bang? How did the hydrodynamic state of the early universe affect the formation of structure from gravitational forces, and how did the formation of structure by gravity affect the hydrodynamic state of the flow? What can be said about the dark matter that comprises 99.9 % of the mass of the universe according to most cosmological models? Space telescope measurements show answers to these questions persist literally frozen as fossils of the primordial turbulence and nonturbulence that controlled structure formation, contrary to standard cosmology which relies on the erroneous Jeans 1902 linear-inviscid-acoustic theory and a variety of associated misconceptions (e. g., cold dark matter). When effects of viscosity, turbulence, and diffusion are included, vastly different structure scenarios and a clear explanation for the dark matter emerge. From Gibson's 1996 theory the baryonic (ordinary) dark matter is comprised of proto-globular-star-cluster (PGC) clumps of hydrogenous planetoids termed ``primordial fog particles''(PFPs), observed by Schild 1996 as ``rogue planets ... likely to be the missing mass'' of a quasar lensing galaxy. The weakly collisional non-baryonic dark matter diffuses to form outer halos of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

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