On the Morse index of nonorientable minimal surfaces in $\mathbb{R}^3$
We compute the Morse index of several complete nonorientable minimal surfaces immersed in Euclidean three-space. In particular, we prove that the Meeks minimal Möbius band has Morse index two, which is the least possible Morse index for such nonorientable minimal surfaces, by previous works of Ros and Chodosh-Maximo. This is the first known minimal surface with index two. We show that the López minimal Klein bottle has Morse index three. As a consequence of this computation, we extend results in the literature and observe that any complete minimal surface immersed in Euclidean three-space with total curvature $8 π$ has Morse index three. We also compute the Morse index of the Oliveira family of minimal Möbius bands in terms of their total curvature and show that every non-negative integer is the Morse index of a complete minimal surface immersed in Euclidean three-space. We show that five is a sharp lower bound for the Morse index of any minimal oriented double cover in Euclidean three-space, and equality is attained by the double cover of the Meeks minimal Möbius band. Finally, we prove results towards the classification of complete minimal surfaces with Morse index two immersed in Euclidean three-space, obtaining topological and geometric restrictions on such surfaces.