arXiv subjects

Changbiao Wang

Publications and source records attributed to Changbiao Wang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2022

Study on data analysis for Ives-Stilwell-type experiments based on first principles

Ives-Stilwell experiment in 1938 is a historic experiment for confirming Einstein's special relativity, and various modern types have been repeated by use of laser technology. However in this paper, we reveal and solve a fundamental issue that the data analysis for all those experiments is not consistent with Einstein's definition of the relativistic Doppler effect so that the Doppler effect and its associated time dilation have not actually been confirmed. We argue that there are two first principles for analyzing and confirming Einstein's Doppler effect, stating: (i) Einstein's Doppler effect refers to the same photon (or laser beam) exhibiting different frequencies observed in different inertial frames, and (ii) the quantity (or measurement accuracy) used as a measure to confirm the effect must be able to confirm Einstein's Doppler formula itself. Unfortunately, Ives-Stilwell data analysis method does not comply with the first principles, failing to find that the experimental data they provided actually does not support Einstein's Doppler effect. Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl test theory is widely used to test Lorentz invariance, but it does not adhere to the first principles either when employed to measure time dilation. Based on the first principles, we propose a justified data analysis and correctly confirm the Doppler effect and its associated time dilation in the Ives-Stilwell-type experiment.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2021

On the positive mass theorem in general relativity and Lorentz covariance of the Dirac wave equation in quantum mechanics

The positive mass theorem in general relativity states that in an asymptotically flat spacetime, if the momentum--energy tensor is divergence-free and satisfies a dominant energy condition, then a total momentum--energy four-vector can be formed, of which the energy component is nonnegative. In this paper, we take the wave four-tensor of a plane light wave in free space as a counterexample to show that there is no guarantee that a total four-vector can be formed. Thus the theoretical framework for the positive mass theorem is flawed. In addition, it is also shown as well that the Lorentz covariance of Dirac wave equation is not compatible with Einstein mass--energy equivalence.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2021

Criterion for testing the covariance of physical laws and Gordon optical metric

The problem of covariance of physical quantities has not been solved fundamentally in the theory of relativity, which has caused a lot of confusion in the community; a typical example is the Gordon metric tensor, which was developed almost a century ago, and has been widely used to describe the equivalent gravitational effect of moving media on light propagation, predicting a novel physics of optical black hole. In this paper, it is shown that under Lorentz transformation, a covariant tensor satisfies three rules: (1) the tensor keeps invariant in mathematical form in all inertial frames; (2) all elements of the tensor have the same physical definitions in all frames; (3) the tensor expression in one inertial frame does not include any physical quantities defined in other frames. The three rules constitute a criterion for testing the covariance of physical laws, required by Einstein's principle of relativity. Gordon metric does not satisfy Rule (3), and its covariance cannot be identified before a general refractive index is defined. Finally, it is also shown as well that in the relativistic quantum mechanics, the Lorentz covariance of Dirac wave equation is not compatible with Einstein's mass-energy equivalence.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2020

Resolution of two fundamental issues in the dynamics of relativity and exposure of a real version of the emperor's new clothes

In this paper, we aim to resolve two fundamental issues in the dynamics of relativity: (i) Under what condition, the time-column space integrals of a Lorentz four-tensor constitute a Lorentz four-vector, and (ii) under what condition, the time-element space integral of a Lorentz four-vector is a Lorentz scalar; namely two "conservation laws", which are mispresented in traditional textbooks, and widely used in fundamental research, such as relativistic analysis of the momentum of light in a medium, and the proofs of the positive mass theorem in general relativity. To resolve issue (i), we have developed a generalized Lorentz \emph{four-vector} theorem based on the principles of classical mathematical analysis, with a simplified analytic example given to illustrate how to transform a space integral from one inertial frame to another, and a strict mathematical derivation provided to confirm the effect of Lorentz contraction. We use this four-vector theorem to verify Møller's theorem, and surprisingly find that Møller's theorem is fundamentally wrong. We provide a corrected version of Møller's theorem. We also use this four-vector theorem to analyze a plane light wave in a moving uniform medium, and find that the momentum and energy of Minkowski quasi-photon constitute a Lorentz four-vector and Planck constant is a Lorentz invariant. To resolve issue (ii), we have developed a generalized Lorentz \emph{scalar} theorem. We use this theorem to verify the "invariant conservation law" in relativistic electrodynamics, and unexpectedly find that it is also fundamentally wrong. Thus the two "conservation laws" in traditional textbooks, which have magically attracted several generations of most outstanding scientists, turned out to be imaginary, just like the emperor's new clothes; creating a scientific myth in the modern theoretical and mathematical physics: Believing is seeing.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2020

Minkowski tensor in electrodynamics of moving media and three rules for construction of the physical tensors in Einstein's special relativity

Minkowski applied Einstein's principle of relativity to moving media and developed electrodynamics of moving media. Like Einstein introduced the EM field-strength tensor $F^{μν}$ for electric field $\mathbf{E}$ and magnetic induction $\mathbf{B}$, Minkowski introduced another EM field-strength tensor $G^{μν}$ for the electric displacement $\mathbf{D}$ and magnetic field $\mathbf{H}$; thus leading to Minkowski tensor. Recently, Partanen and Tulkki criticize that Minkowski tensor contradicts special relativity, and proposed a mass-polariton stress-energy-momentum (MP SEM) tensor to replace Minkowski tensor. In this paper, based on a careful analysis of previous literature on this topic, (i) I reasonably argue that Minkowski tensor is a covariant combination of two EM field-strength tensors, and thus all the physical results obtained from Minkowski tensor are already embodied in the two EM field-strength tensors; (ii) I propose three rules for covariantly and self-consistently constructing the physical tensors in Einstein's special relativity, with Minkowski tensor following all the rules while both Abraham tensor and the MP SEM tensor not. Finally, by enumerating a specific example I show that the Lorentz covariance of a tensor provides no guarantee of the consistency of the tensor with the principle of relativity.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2019

New insight into light propagation and light-matter interactions with applications to experimental observations

The paper provides a new understanding of light propagation and light-matter interactions by examining the physical implications of group velocity, electromagnetic (EM) power flow, Poynting theorem, energy conservation law, and Fermat's principle. A criterion is set up to identify the justification of the group velocity definition, and a modified definition is proposed to remove the flaws that the classical definition has. It is reasonably argued that energy conservation law and Fermat's principle are physical postulates independent of Maxwell equations. A ``superluminal power flow'' is constructed to show that Poynting theorem cannot uniquely define the EM power flow if the energy conservation law or Fermat's principle is not taken into account. As an application, associated basic concepts in textbooks and experimental observations reported in recent research works are also reviewed, including: why the traditional formulation of Fermat's principle has a limited application; how the Fermat's principle is formulated for a plane wave; why the Fermat's principle is consistent with Maxwell EM theory; what the significant difference is between Poynting theorem and energy conservation law; why Poynting vector as EM power flow may break energy conservation law and Fermat's principle in an anisotropic medium; why the physical explanations for ``spatially structured'' photons in Giovannini-coworkers experiments are not consistent with the principle of relativity; why the traditionally-argued invariance of information velocity contradicts Maxwell equations; and why the superluminal light pulse propagation claimed in Wang-Kuzmich-Dogariu experiments voilates Einstein causality.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2019

Fantastic quasi-photon and the symmetries of Maxwell electromagnetic theory, momentum-energy conservation law, and Fermat's principle

In this paper, I introduce two new concepts (Minkowski quasi-photon and invariance of physical definitions) to elucidate the theory developed in my previous work [Can. J. Phys. 93, 1510 (2015)], and to clarify the criticisms by Partanen and coworkers [Phys. Rev. A 95, 063850 (2017)]. Minkowski quasi-photon is the carrier of the momentum and energy of light in a medium under the sense of macroscopic averages of light-matter microscopic interactions. I firmly argue that required by the principle of relativity, the definitions of all physical quantities are invariant. I shed a new light on the significance of the symmetry of physical laws for resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski debate on the momentum of light in a medium. I illustrate by relativistic analysis why the momentums and energies of the electromagnetic subsystem and the material subsystem form Lorentz four-vectors separately for a closed system of light-matter interactions, and why the momentum and energy of a non-radiation field are owned by the material subsystem, and they are not measurable experimentally. Finally, I also provide an elegant proof for the invariance of physical definitions, and a clear definition of the Lorentz covariance for general physical quantities and tensors.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2017

Disproof of a widely-accepted mathematical conjecture

A mathematical conjecture is successfully identified, which is used for relativistic analysis of dielectric Einstein-box thought experiment in a Letter (Ramos, Rubilar, and Obukhov, Phys. Lett. A 375, 1703 (2011)), where the authors conjecture (without any citations) that, the symmetry and divergence-less property of a Lorentz 4-tensor is a sufficient condition for the time-column space integrals to constitute a Lorentz 4-vector. This mathematical conjecture has been thought to be "a mathematical fact the validity of which was shown well" in textbooks. However in this paper, we indicate that this conjecture has never been proved mathematically. By enumerating a counterexample, we find that this mathematical conjecture is flawed, and it is not persuasive to use a flawed mathematical conjecture as a starting point to resolve Abraham-Minkowski controversy over light momentum in a dielectric medium. We also indicate that this flawed mathematical conjecture is actually a widely-accepted conjecture in the dynamics of relativity in textbooks for many decades. To eliminate a misunderstanding of this flawed conjecture in the community, we provide a detailed elucidation of why Møller's mathematical statement, also called "Møller's version of von Laue's theorem", only defines a trivial zero 4-vector for an electromagnetic stress-energy Lorentz 4-tensor.

physics.class-ph↗

arXiv2017

Is the Abraham electromagnetic force physical?

A conventional general electromagnetic force definition has been widely used to analyze radiation forces in dielectric media in published research works. However in this paper, we would like to indicate that this conventional force definition is flawed.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

Self-consistent theory for a plane wave in a moving medium and light-momentum criterion

A self-consistent theory is developed based on the principle of relativity for a plane wave in a moving non-dispersive, lossless, non-conducting, isotropic, uniform medium. A light-momentum criterion is set up for the first time, which states that the momentum of light in a medium is parallel to the wave vector in all inertial frames of reference. By rigorous analysis, novel basic properties of the plane wave are exposed: (a) Poynting vector does not necessarily represent the electromagnetic (EM) power flow when a medium moves; (b) Minkowski light momentum and energy constitute a Lorentz four-vector in a form of single EM-field cell or single photon, and Planck constant is a Lorentz invariant; (c) there is no momentum transfer taking place between the plane wave and the uniform medium, and the EM momentum conservation equation cannot be uniquely determined without resorting to the principle of relativity; and (d) when the medium moves opposite to the wave vector at a faster-than-dielectric light speed, negative frequency and negative EM energy density occur, with the plane wave becoming left-handed. Finally, a new physics of so-called "intrinsic Lorentz violation" is presented as well.

physics.optics↗

arXiv2016

von Laue's Theorem and Its Applications

von Laue's theorem, as well as its generalized form, is strictly proved in detail for its sufficient and necessary condition (SNC). This SNC version of Laue's theorem is used to analyze the infinitely extended electrostatic field produced by a charged metal sphere in free space, and the static field confined in a finite region of space. It is shown in general that the total (Abraham = Minkowski) EM momentum and energy for the electrostatic field cannot constitute a Lorentz four-vector. A derivative von Laue's theorem, which provides a criterion for a Lorentz invariant, is also presented.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2015

Does the Poynting vector always represent electromagnetic power flow?

Poynting vector as electromagnetic power flow has prevailed over one hundred years in the community. However in this paper, it is shown from Maxwell equations that the Poynting vector may not represent the electromagnetic power flow for a plane wave in a non-dispersive, lossless, non-conducting, anisotropic uniform medium; this important conclusion revises the conventional understanding of Poynting vector. It is also shown that this conclusion is clearly supported by Fermat's principle and special theory of relativity.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

Can the Abraham Light Momentum and Energy in a Medium Constitute a Lorentz Four-Vector?

By analyzing the Einstein-box thought experiment with the principle of relativity, it is shown that Abraham's light momentum and energy in a medium cannot constitute a Lorentz four-vector, and they consequentially break global momentum and energy conservation laws. In contrast, Minkowski's momentum and energy always constitute a Lorentz four-vector no matter whether in a medium or in vacuum, and the Minkowski's momentum is the unique correct light momentum. A momentum-associated photon mass in a medium is exposed, which explains why only the Abraham's momentum is derived in the traditional "center-of-mass-energy" approach. The EM boundary-condition matching approach, combined with Einstein light-quantum hypothesis, is proposed to analyze this thought experiment, and it is found for the first time that only from Maxwell equations without resort to the relativity, the correctness of light momentum definitions cannot be identified. Optical pulling effect is studied as well.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

Comment on "Resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski Dilemma"

In a recent Letter by Barnett [S. M. Barnett, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 070401 (2010)], a total-momentum model is proposed for resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski dilemma. In this model, Abraham's and Minkowski's momentums are, respectively, a component of the same total momentum, with the former being the kinetic momentum and the latter the canonical momentum. In this Comment, I would like to indicate that this physical model is not consistent with global momentum-energy conservation law in the principle-of-relativity frame.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2013

Plane wave in a moving medium and resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski debate by the special principle of relativity

In this paper, a novel approach for resolution of the Abraham-Minkowski debate is proposed, in which the principle of relativity is used to uniquely determine the light momentum formulation for a plane wave in a moving non-dispersive lossless isotropic uniform medium. It is shown by analysis of the plane-wave solution that, (1) there may be a pseudo-power flow when a medium moves, and the Poynting vector does not necessarily denote the direction of real power flowing, (2) Minkowski's light momentum and energy constitute a Lorentz four-vector in a form of single photon or single EM-field cell, and Planck constant is a Lorentz invariant, (3) there is no momentum transfer taking place between the plane wave and the uniform medium, and the EM momentum conservation equation cannot be uniquely determined without resort to the principle of relativity, and (4) the moving medium behaves as a so-called "negative index medium" when it moves opposite to the wave vector at a faster-than-dielectric light speed. It is also shown by analysis of EM-field Lorentz transformations that, when a static electric (magnetic) field moves in free space, neither Abraham's nor Minkowski's formulation can correctly describe a real electromagnetic momentum; as an application of this principle, the classical electron mass-energy paradox is analyzed and resolved. Finally, a general EM momentum definition is proposed, and according to this new definition, the traditional "Abraham-type" and "Minkowski-type" momentums in the dispersion wave-guiding systems, such as regular dielectric-filled metallic waveguides, are found to be included in the same momentum formulation, but they appear at different frequencies.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

The relativistic Doppler effect: when a zero frequency shift or a red shift exists for sources approaching the observer

It is shown without making use of Lorentz transformation that there exists a phenomenon of relativistic zero-frequency shift in Doppler effect for a plane wave in free space, observed in two inertial frames of relative motion, and the zero shift takes place at a maximum aberration of light. When it is applied to analysis of a moving point light source, two unconventional physical implications result: (1) a light source, when it is approaching (moving closer to) the observer, may cause a red shift; (2) a zero-frequency-shift observation does not necessarily mean that the light source is not moving closer, and in contrast, the light source may be moving closer to the observer at a high speed. This fundamental result of special relativity may provide an alternative way to experimentally examine the principle of relativity, and might have a significant application in astrophysics.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2012

Intrinsic Lorentz violation in Doppler effect from a moving point light source

Einstein's Doppler formula is not applicable when a moving point light source is close enough to the observer; for example, it may break down or cannot specify a determinate value when the point source and the observer overlap. In this paper, Doppler effect for a moving point light source is analyzed, and it is found that the principle of relativity allows the existence of intrinsic Lorentz violation. A conceptual scheme to experimentally test the point-source Doppler effect is proposed, and such a test could lead to an unexpected result that the frequency of a photon may change during propagation, which questions the constancy of Planck constant since the energy conservation in Einstein's light-quantum hypothesis must hold.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2011

Light Field Distributions in One-dimensional Photonic Crystal Fibers

It is shown in this paper that the light field distribution in a band gap within periodic structures for one-dimensional photonic crystal fibers is described by a decaying factor multiplied by a periodical function that has the same period length as the one of the medium or has double the period length of the medium, depending on the sign of the trace of eigen value matrix. This fundamental property is applicable to any 1D planar periodic structures, no matter how many layers a unit cell has, what the contrast of refractive indices is, and whether the dielectric parameters in individual layers are homogeneous or inhomogeneous; it plays a significant role in understanding of numerical results in a number of previously published research works. It is also shown that, similar to the refractive index guidance in conventional optical fibers, the photonic band gap guidance is also a form of total internal reflection.

physics.gen-ph↗