Powers, Roots, and Positivity
There is a remarkable variety of natural generalizations of the notion of scalar positivity to square matrices. The lists and tables indicate those that we consider here; they are practically exhaustive of those that arise in practice and theory. Since positive scalars are closed under taking arbitrary powers and roots, it is natural to ask which of these matrix generalizations enjoy analogous closure properties. Our purpose here is to examine and advance these generalizations with respect to their closure under integer powers and fractional matrix roots. In addition to surveying known results, we establish for several important classes of matrices that positivity is preserved under fractional powers, showing that key structural features are retained under matrix roots. The role of Pick functions in the analysis is emphasized throughout. Proofs, counterexamples, and related results are presented, and summary tables are included to provide a concise and useful reference.