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Christian Nitschelm

Publications and source records attributed to Christian Nitschelm.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Spectral Disentangling Reveals Deep CNO-cycle Exposure in ET Cru

Binary stars undergoing mass transfer provide unique laboratories for testing stellar evolution. Here, we present a comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic analysis of the semi-detached system ET Cru. Using spectral disentangling, we independently determined the effective temperatures and chemical abundances of both components with high precision, including nine elements (eleven species). We find masses of $13.41\,M_\odot$ and $6.00\,M_\odot$ for the primary and secondary, respectively, with uncertainties of only $\sim$1.3%. The radii are $5.58\,R_\odot$ and $5.68\,R_\odot$, measured to within 0.4% and 0.5%. Surface gravities are constrained to better than 1%, while effective temperatures are determined to within 3-5%. The secondary exhibits extreme chemical anomalies, with severe carbon depletion and nitrogen enrichment far exceeding those reported in classical Algol systems. Multi-wavelength spectral energy distribution modelling yields a distance of $\sim$2.5 kpc, inconsistent with the $Gaia$ DR3 parallax, suggesting systematic astrometric uncertainties in the parallax distance. Together, these results establish ET Cru as a benchmark Algol-type binary, revealing direct spectroscopic evidence of deep CNO-cycle exposure in the donor and confirming the primary star as a rejuvenated gainer. ET Cru thus provides a chemically and dynamically illustrative case for understanding advanced binary interactions and the late evolutionary stages of massive-star evolution.

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A Galactic Self-Portrait: Density Structure and Integrated Properties of the Milky Way Disk

The evolution history of the Milky Way disk is imprinted in the ages, positions, and chemical compositions of individual stars. In this study, we derive the intrinsic density distribution of different stellar populations using the final data release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) survey. A total of 203,197 red giant branch stars are used to sort the stellar disk ($R \leq 20$ kpc) into sub-populations of metallicity ($Δ$[M/H]$= 0.1$ dex), age ($Δ\log(\frac{\textrm{age}}{\textrm{yr}})= 0.1$), and $α$-element abundances ([$α$/M]). We fit the present-day structural parameters and density distribution of each stellar sub-population after correcting for the survey selection function. The low-$α$ disk is characterized by longer scale lengths and shorter scale heights, and is best fit by a broken exponential radial profile for each population. The high-$α$ disk is characterized by shorter scale lengths and larger scale heights, and is generally well-approximated by a single exponential radial profile. These results are applied to produce new estimates of the integrated properties of the Milky Way from early times to the present day. We measure the total stellar mass of the disk to be $5.27^{+0.2}_{-1.5} \times 10^{10}$ M$_\odot$ and the average mass-weighted scale length is $R_{d} = 2.37 \pm 0.2$ kpc. The Milky Way's present-day color of $(g-r) = 0.72 \pm 0.02$ is consistent with the classification of a red spiral galaxy, although it has only been in the "green valley" region of the galaxy color-mass diagram for the last $\sim 3$ Gyr.

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Rotational Evolution of Classical T Tauri Stars: Models and Observations

We developed a grid of stellar rotation models for low-mass and solar-type Classical T Tauri stars (CTTS) ($0.3M_{\odot}<M_{\ast}<1.2M_{\odot}$). These models incorporate the star-disk interaction and magnetospheric ejections to investigate the evolution of the stellar rotation rate as a function of the mass of the star $M_{\ast}$, the magnetic field ($B_{\ast}$), and stellar wind ($\dot{M}_{wind}$). We compiled and determined stellar parameters for 208 CTTS, such as projected rotational velocity $v\sin(i)$, mass accretion rate $\dot{M}_{acc}$, stellar mass $M_{\ast}$, ages, and estimated rotational periods using TESS data. We also estimated a representative value of the mass-loss rate for our sample using the $[\text{O}\text{ I}]$ spectral line. Our results confirm that $v\sin(i)$ measurements in CTTS agree with the rotation rates provided by our spin models in the accretion-powered stellar winds (APSW) picture. In addition, we used the Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) technique to explore the connection between the model parameters and the observational properties of CTTS. We find that the evolution of $v\sin(i)$ with age might be regulated by variations in (1) the intensity of $B_{\ast}$ and (2) the fraction of the accretion flow ejected in magnetic winds, removing angular momentum from these systems. The youngest stars in our sample ($\sim $1 Myr) show a median branching ratio $\dot{M}_{wind}/\dot{M}_{acc}\sim$ $0.16$ and median $B_{\ast}\sim$ 2000 G, in contrast to $\sim 0.01$ and 1000 G, respectively, for stars with ages $\gtrsim 3$ Myr.

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Revealing the Chemical Structure of the Magellanic Clouds with APOGEE. III. Abundance Gradients of the Small Magellanic Cloud

We determine radial- and age-abundance gradients of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) using spectra of 2,062 red giant branch (RGB) field stars observed by SDSS-IV / APOGEE-2S. With coverage out to $\sim$9 kpc in the SMC, these data taken with the high resolution ($R \sim 22,500$) APOGEE $H$-band spectrograph afford the opportunity to measure extensive radial gradients for as many as 24 abundance ratios. The SMC is found to have an overall metallicity gradient of $-$0.0546 $\pm$ 0.0043 dex/kpc. Ages are calculated for every star to explore the evolution of the different abundance gradients. As a function of age, many of the gradients show a feature 3.66--5.58 Gyr ago, which is especially prominent in the [X/H] gradients. Initially many gradients flatten until about $\sim$5.58 Gyr ago, but then steepen in more recent times. We previously detected similar evolutionary patterns in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) which are attributed to a recent interaction between the LMC and SMC. It is inferred that the feature in the SMC gradients was caused by the same interaction. The age-[X/Fe] trends, which track average [X/Fe] over time, are flat, demonstrating a slow enrichment history for the SMC. When comparing the SMC gradients to the LMC and MW, normalized to disk scale length ($R_\text{d}$), the [X/Fe] and [X/Mg] gradients are similar, but there is a dichotomy between the dwarfs and the Milky Way (MW) for the [X/H] gradients. The median MW [X/H] gradient around $-$0.125 dex/$R_\text{d}$ whilst the Clouds have gradients of about $-$0.075 dex/$R_\text{d}$.

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Chemo-Dynamical Tagging in the Outskirts: The Origins of Stellar Substructures in the Magellanic Clouds

We present the first detailed chemical analysis from APOGEE-2S observations of stars in six regions of recently discovered substructures in the outskirts of the Magellanic Clouds extending to 20 degrees from the LMC center. We also present, for the first time, the metallicity and alpha-abundance radial gradients of the LMC and SMC out to 11 degrees and 6 degrees, respectively. Our chemical tagging includes 13 species including light, alpha, and Fe-peak elements. We find that the abundances of all of these chemical elements in stars populating two regions in the northern periphery - along the northern "stream"-like feature - show good agreement with the chemical patterns of the LMC, and thus likely have an LMC origin. For substructures located in the southern periphery of the LMC, we find more complex chemical and kinematical signatures, indicative of a mix of LMC-like and SMC-like populations. However, the southern region closest to the LMC shows better agreement with the LMC, whereas that closest to the SMC shows a much better agreement with the SMC chemical pattern. When combining this information with 3-D kinematical information for these stars, we conclude that the southern region closest to the LMC has likely an LMC origin, whereas that closest to the SMC has an SMC origin, and the other two southern regions have a mix of LMC and SMC origins. Our results add to the evidence that the southern substructures of the LMC periphery are the product of close interactions between the LMC and SMC, and thus likely hold important clues that can constrain models of their detailed dynamical histories.

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Exploring the Origin of the Distance Bimodality of Stars in the Periphery of the Small Magellanic Cloud with APOGEE and Gaia

The Magellanic Cloud system represents a unique laboratory for study of both interacting dwarf galaxies and the ongoing process of the formation of the Milky Way and its halo. We focus on one aspect of this complex, 3 body interaction - the dynamical perturbation of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) by the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), and specifically potential tidal effects on the SMC's eastern side. Using Gaia astrometry and the precise radial velocities and multi-element chemical abundances from APOGEE-2 DR17, we explore the well-known distance bimodality on the eastern side of the SMC. Through estimated stellar distances, proper motions, and radial velocities, we characterize the kinematics of the two populations in the bimodality and compare their properties with those of SMC populations elsewhere. Moreover, while all regions explored by APOGEE seem to show a single chemical enrichment history, the metallicity distribution function (MDF), of the "far" stars on the eastern periphery of the SMC is found to resemble that for the more metal-poor fields of the western periphery, whereas the MDF for the "near" stars on the eastern periphery resembles that for stars in the SMC center. The closer eastern periphery stars also show radial velocities (corrected for SMC rotation and bulk motion) that are, on average, approaching us relative to all other SMC populations sampled. We interpret these trends as evidence that the near stars on the eastern side of the SMC represent material pulled out of the central SMC as part of its tidal interaction with the LMC.

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An Investigation of Non-Canonical Mixing in Red Giant Stars Using APOGEE 12C/13C Ratios Observed in Open Cluster Stars

Standard stellar evolution theory poorly predicts the surface abundances of chemical species in low-mass, red giant branch (RGB) stars. Observations show an enhancement of p-p chain and CNO cycle products in red giant envelopes, which suggests the existence of non-canonical mixing that brings interior burning products to the surface of these stars. The 12C/13C ratio is a highly sensitive abundance metric used to probe this mixing. We investigate extra RGB mixing by examining (1) how 12C/13C is altered along the RGB and (2) how 12C/13C changes for stars of varying age and mass. Our sample consists of 43 red giants spread over 15 open clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's APOGEE DR17 that have reliable 12C/13C ratios derived from their APOGEE spectra. We vetted these 12C/13C ratios and compared them as a function of evolution and age/mass to the standard mixing model of stellar evolution and to a model that includes prescriptions for RGB thermohaline mixing and stellar rotation. We find that the observations deviate from standard mixing models, implying the need for extra mixing. Additionally, some of the abundance patterns depart from the thermohaline model, and it is unclear whether these differences are due to incomplete observations, issues inherent to the model, our assumption of the cause of extra mixing, or any combination of these factors. Nevertheless, the surface abundances across our age/mass range clearly deviate from the standard model, agreeing with the notion of a universal mechanism for RGB extra mixing in low-mass stars.

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The Eighteenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Targeting and First Spectra from SDSS-V

The eighteenth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS) is the first one for SDSS-V, the fifth generation of the survey. SDSS-V comprises three primary scientific programs, or "Mappers": Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Black Hole Mapper (BHM), and Local Volume Mapper (LVM). This data release contains extensive targeting information for the two multi-object spectroscopy programs (MWM and BHM), including input catalogs and selection functions for their numerous scientific objectives. We describe the production of the targeting databases and their calibration- and scientifically-focused components. DR18 also includes ~25,000 new SDSS spectra and supplemental information for X-ray sources identified by eROSITA in its eFEDS field. We present updates to some of the SDSS software pipelines and preview changes anticipated for DR19. We also describe three value-added catalogs (VACs) based on SDSS-IV data that have been published since DR17, and one VAC based on the SDSS-V data in the eFEDS field.

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Revealing the Chemical Structure of the Magellanic Clouds with APOGEE. I. Calculating Individual Stellar Ages of RGB Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud

Stellar ages are critical for understanding the temporal evolution of a galaxy. We calculate the ages of over 6000 red giant branch stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) observed with SDSS-IV / APOGEE-S. Ages are derived using multi-band photometry, spectroscopic parameters (T$_\text{eff}$, $\log{g}$, [Fe/H], and [$α$/Fe]) and stellar isochrones and the assumption that the stars lie in a thin inclined plane to get accurate distances. The isochrone age and extinction are varied until a best match is found for the observed photometry. We perform validation using the APOKASC sample, which has asteroseismic masses and accurate ages, and find that our uncertainties are $\sim$20% and range from $\sim$1$-$3 Gyr for the calculated age values. Here we present the LMC age map as well as the age-radius relation and an accurate age-metallicity relation (AMR). The age map and age-radius relation reveal that recent star formation in the galaxy was more centrally located and that there is a slight dichotomy between the north and south with the northern fields being slightly younger. The northern fields that cover a known spiral arm have median ages of $\gtrsim$ 2 Gyr, which is the time when an interaction with the SMC is suggested to have happened. The AMR is mostly flat especially for older ages although recently (about 2.0-2.5 Gyr ago) there is an increase in the median [Fe/H]. Based on the time frame, this might also be attributed to the close interaction between the LMC and SMC.

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Unveiling the time evolution of chemical abundances across the Milky Way disk with APOGEE

Chemical abundances are an essential tool in untangling the Milky Way's enrichment history. However, the evolution of the interstellar medium abundance gradient with cosmic time is lost as a result of radial mixing processes. For the first time, we quantify the evolution of many observational abundances across the Galactic disk as a function of lookback time and birth radius, $R_\text{birth}$. Using an empirical approach, we derive $R_\text{birth}$ estimates for 145,447 APOGEE DR17 red giant disk stars, based solely on their ages and [Fe/H]. We explore the detailed evolution of 6 abundances (Mg, Ca ($α$), Mn (iron-peak), Al, C (light), Ce (s-process)) across the Milky Way disk using 87,426 APOGEE DR17 red giant stars. We discover that the interstellar medium had three fluctuations in the metallicity gradient $\sim 9$, $\sim 6$, and $\sim4$ Gyr ago. The first coincides with the end of high-$α$ sequence formation around the time of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus disruption, while the others are likely related to passages of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy. A clear distinction is found between present-day observed radial gradients with age and the evolution with lookback time for both [X/Fe] and [X/H], resulting from the significant flattening and inversion in old populations due to radial migration. We find the [Fe/H]--[$α$/Fe] bimodality is also seen as a separation in the $R_\text{birth}$--[X/Fe] plane for the light and $α$-elements. Our results recover the chemical enrichment of the Galactic disk over the past 12 Gyr, providing tight constraints on Galactic disk chemical evolution models.

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StarHorse results for spectroscopic surveys + Gaia DR3: Chrono-chemical populations in the solar vicinity, the genuine thick disk, and young-alpha rich stars

The Gaia mission has provided an invaluable wealth of astrometric data for more than a billion stars in our Galaxy. The synergy between Gaia astrometry, photometry, and spectroscopic surveys give us comprehensive information about the Milky Way. Using the Bayesian isochrone-fitting code StarHorse, we derive distances and extinctions for more than 10 million unique stars observed by both Gaia Data Release 3 as well as public spectroscopic surveys: GALAH DR3, LAMOST DR7 LRS, LAMOST DR7 MRS, APOGEE DR17, RAVE DR6, SDSS DR12 (optical spectra from BOSS and SEGUE), Gaia-ESO DR5 survey, and Gaia RVS part of Gaia DR3 release. We use StarHorse for the first time to derive stellar age for main-sequence turnoff and subgiant branch stars (MSTO-SGB), around 2.5 million stars with age uncertainties typically around 30%, 15% for only SGB stars, depending on the resolution of the survey. With the derived ages in hand, we investigate the chemical-age relations. In particular, the $α$ and neutron-capture element ratios versus age in the solar neighbourhood show trends similar to previous works, validating our ages. We use the chemical abundances from local subgiant samples of GALAH DR3, APOGEE DR17 and LAMOST MRS DR7 to map groups with similar chemical compositions and StarHorse ages with the dimensionality reduction technique t-SNE and the clustering algorithm HDBSCAN. We identify three distinct groups in all three samples. Their kinematic properties confirm them to be the genuine chemical thick disk, the thin disk and a considerable number of young alpha-rich stars. We confirm that the genuine thick disk's kinematics and age properties are radically different from those of the thin disk and compatible with high-redshift (z$\approx$2) star-forming disks with high dispersion velocities.

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Characterization of low-mass companions to $\textit{Kepler}$ objects of interest observed with APOGEE-N

We report the characterization of 28 low-mass ($0.02\mathrm{~M_\odot}\le\mathrm{~M_{2}}\le0.25\mathrm{~M_\odot}$) companions to $\textit{Kepler}$ objects of interest (KOIs), eight of which were previously designated confirmed planets. These objects were detected as transiting companions to Sun-like stars (G and F dwarfs) by the $\textit{Kepler}$ mission and are confirmed as single-lined spectroscopic binaries in the current work using the northern multiplexed Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment near-infrared spectrograph (APOGEE-N) as part of the third and fourth Sloan Digital Sky Surveys. We have observed hundreds of KOIs using APOGEE-N and collected a total of 43,175 spectra with a median of 19 visits and a median baseline of $\sim1.9$ years per target. We jointly model the $\textit{Kepler}$ photometry and APOGEE-N radial velocities to derive fundamental parameters for this subset of 28 transiting companions. The radii for most of these low-mass companions are over-inflated (by $\sim10\%$) when compared to theoretical models. Tidally locked M dwarfs on short period orbits show the largest amount of inflation, but inflation is also evident for companions that are well separated from the host star. We demonstrate that APOGEE-N data provides reliable radial velocities when compared to precise high-resolution spectrographs that enable detailed characterization of individual systems and the inference of orbital elements for faint ($H>12$) KOIs. The data from the entire APOGEE-KOI program is public and presents an opportunity to characterize an extensive subset of the binary population observed by $\textit{Kepler}$.

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Comparative analysis of atmospheric parameters from high-resolution spectroscopic sky surveys: APOGEE, GALAH, Gaia-ESO

SDSS-IV APOGEE-2, GALAH and Gaia-ESO are high resolution, ground-based, multi-object spectroscopic surveys providing fundamental stellar atmospheric parameters and multiple elemental abundance ratios for hundreds of thousands of stars of the Milky Way. We undertake a comparison between the most recent data releases of these surveys to investigate the accuracy and precision of derived parameters by placing the abundances on an absolute scale. We discuss the correlations in parameter and abundance differences as a function of main parameters. Uncovering the variants provides a basis to on-going efforts of future sky surveys. Quality samples from the APOGEE-GALAH, APOGEE-GES and GALAH-GES overlapping catalogs are collected. We investigate the mean variants between the surveys, and linear trends are also investigated. We compare the slope of correlations and mean differences with the reported uncertainties. The average and scatter of vrad, Teff, log g, [M/H] and vmicro, along with numerous species of elemental abundances in the combined catalogs show that in general there is a good agreement between the surveys. We find large radial velocity scatters ranging from 1.3 km/s to 4.4 km/s when comparing the three surveys. We observe weak trends: e.g. in $Δ$Teff vs. $Δ$log g for the APOGEE-GES stars, and a clear correlation in the vmicro-$Δ$vmicro planes in the APOGEE-GALAH common sample. For [$α$/H], [Ti/H] (APOGEE-GALAH giants) and [Al/H] (APOGEE-GALAH dwarfs) potential strong correlations are discovered as a function of the differences in the main atmospheric parameters, and we find weak trends for other elements. In general we find good agreement between the three surveys within their respective uncertainties. However, there are certain regimes in which strong variants exist, which we discuss. There are still offsets larger than 0.1 dex in the absolute abundance scales.

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The chemical characterisation of halo substructure in the Milky Way based on APOGEE

Galactic haloes in a $Λ$-CDM universe are predicted to host today a swarm of debris resulting from cannibalised dwarf galaxies. The chemo-dynamical information recorded in their stellar populations helps elucidate their nature, constraining the assembly history of the Galaxy. Using data from APOGEE and \textit{Gaia}, we examine the chemical properties of various halo substructures, considering elements that sample various nucleosynthetic pathways. The systems studied are Heracles, \textit{Gaia}-Enceladus/Sausage (GES), the Helmi stream, Sequoia, Thamnos, Aleph, LMS-1, Arjuna, I'itoi, Nyx, Icarus, and Pontus. Abundance patterns of all substructures are cross-compared in a statistically robust fashion. Our main findings include: {\it i)} the chemical properties of most substructures studied match qualitatively those of dwarf Milky Way satellites, such as the Sagittarius dSph. Exceptions are Nyx and Aleph, which are chemically similar to disc stars, implying that these substructures were likely formed \textit{in situ}; {\it ii)} Heracles differs chemically from {\it in situ} populations such as Aurora and its inner halo counterparts in a statistically significant way. The differences suggest that the star formation rate was lower in Heracles than in the early Milky Way; {\it iii)} the chemistry of Arjuna, LMS-1, and I'itoi is indistinguishable from that of GES, suggesting a possible common origin; {\it iv)} all three Sequoia samples studied are qualitatively similar. However, only two of those samples present chemistry that is consistent with GES in a statistically significant fashion; {\it v)} the abundance patterns of the Helmi stream and Thamnos are different from all other halo substructures.

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SDSS-IV MaStar: Stellar Parameter Determination with Continuum-Supplemented Full-Spectrum Fitting

We present a stellar parameter catalog built to accompany the MaStar Stellar Library, which is a comprehensive collection of empirical, medium-resolution stellar spectra. We constructed this parameter catalog by using a multicomponent $χ^{2}$ fitting approach to match MaStar spectra to models generated by interpolating the ATLAS9-based BOSZ model spectra. The total $χ^{2}$ for a given model is defined as the sum of components constructed to characterize narrow-band features of observed spectra (e.g., absorption lines) and the broadband continuum shape separately. Extinction and systematics due to flux calibration were taken into account in the fitting. The $χ^{2}$ distribution for a given region of model space was sampled using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, the data from which were then used to extract atmospheric parameter estimates ($T_{eff}$, log g, [Fe/H], and [$α$/Fe]), their corresponding uncertainties, and direct extinction measurements. Two methods were used to extract parameters and uncertainties: one that accepts the MCMC's prescribed minimum-$χ^{2}$ result, and one that uses Bayesian inference to compute a likelihood-weighted mean from the $χ^{2}$ distribution sampled by the MCMC. Results were evaluated for internal consistency using repeat observations where available and by comparing them with external data sets (e.g., APOGEE-2 and Gaia DR2). Our spectral-fitting exercise reveals possible deficiencies in current theoretical model spectra, illustrating the potential power of MaStar spectra for helping to improve the models. This paper represents an update to the parameters that were originally presented with SDSS-IV DR17. The MaStar parameter catalog containing our BestFit results is available on the SDSS-IV DR17 website as part of version 2 of the MaStar stellar parameter value-added catalog.

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The Open Cluster Chemical Abundances and Mapping Survey: VI. Galactic Chemical Gradient Analysis from APOGEE DR17

The goal of the Open Cluster Chemical Abundances and Mapping (OCCAM) survey is to constrain key Galactic dynamic and chemical evolution parameters by the construction and analysis of a large, comprehensive, uniform data set of infrared spectra for stars in hundreds of open clusters. This sixth contribution from the OCCAM survey presents analysis of SDSS/APOGEE Data Release 17 (DR17) results for a sample of stars in 150 open clusters, 94 of which we designate to be "high quality'' based on the appearance of their color-magnitude diagram. We find the APOGEE DR17-derived [Fe/H] values to be in good agreement with those from previous high resolution spectroscopic open cluster abundance studies. Using a subset of the high quality sample, the Galactic abundance gradients were measured for 16 chemical elements, including [Fe/H], for both Galactocentric radius ($R_{GC}$) and guiding center radius ($R_{Guide}$). We find an overall Galactic [Fe/H] vs $R_{GC}$ gradient of $-0.073 \pm 0.002$ dex/kpc over the range of $6 < R_{GC} < 11.5$ kpc, and a similar gradient is found for [Fe/H] versus $R_{Guide}$. Significant Galactic abundance gradients are also noted for O, Mg, S, Ca, Mn, Na, Al, K and Ce. Our large sample additionally allows us to explore the evolution of the gradients in four age bins for the remaining 15 elements.

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On the Hunt for the Origins of the Orphan--Chenab Stream: Detailed Element Abundances with APOGEE and Gaia

Stellar streams in the Galactic halo are useful probes of the assembly of galaxies like the Milky Way. Many tidal stellar streams that have been found in recent years are accompanied by a known progenitor globular cluster or dwarf galaxy. However, the Orphan--Chenab (OC) stream is one case where a relatively narrow stream of stars has been found without a known progenitor. In an effort to find the parent of the OC stream, we use astrometry from the early third data release of ESA's Gaia mission (Gaia EDR3) and radial velocity information from the SDSS-IV APOGEE survey to find up to 13 stars that are likely members of the OC stream. We use the APOGEE survey to study the chemical nature (for up to 13 stars) of the OC stream in the $α$ (O, Mg, Ca, Si, Ti, S), odd-Z (Al, K, V), Fe-peak (Fe, Ni, Mn, Co, Cr) and neutron capture (Ce) elemental groups. We find that the stars that make up the OC stream are not consistent with a mono-metallic population and have a median metallicity of --1.92~dex with a dispersion of 0.28 dex. Our results also indicate that the $α$-elements are depleted compared to the known Milky Way populations and that its [Mg/Al] abundance ratio is not consistent with second generation stars from globular clusters. The detailed chemical pattern of these stars indicates that the OC stream progenitor is very likely to be a dwarf spheroidal galaxy with a mass of ~10$^6$ M$_\odot$.

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The Milky Way tomography with APOGEE: intrinsic density distribution and structure of mono-abundance populations

The spatial distribution of mono-abundance populations (MAPs, selected in [Fe/H] and [Mg/Fe]) reflect the chemical and structural evolution in a galaxy and impose strong constraints on galaxy formation models. In this paper, we use APOGEE data to derive the intrinsic density distribution of MAPs in the Milky Way, after carefully considering the survey selection function. We find that a single exponential profile is not a sufficient description of the Milky Way's disc. Both the individual MAPs and the integrated disc exhibit a broken radial density distribution; densities are relatively constant with radius in the inner Galaxy and rapidly decrease beyond the break radius. We fit the intrinsic density distribution as a function of radius and vertical height with a 2D density model that considers both a broken radial profile and radial variation of scale height (i.e., flaring). There is a large variety of structural parameters between different MAPs, indicative of strong structure evolution of the Milky Way. One surprising result is that high-$α$ MAPs show the strongest flaring. The young, solar-abundance MAPs present the shortest scale height and least flaring, suggesting recent and ongoing star formation confined to the disc plane. Finally we derive the intrinsic density distribution and corresponding structural parameters of the chemically defined thin and thick discs. The chemical thick and thin discs have local surface mass densities of 5.62$\pm$0.08 and 15.69$\pm$0.32 ${\rm M_{\odot} pc^{-2}}$, respectively, suggesting a massive thick disc with a local surface mass density ratio between thick to thin disc of 36%.

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