arXiv subjects

Christian Schwab

Publications and source records attributed to Christian Schwab.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

arXiv2021

Extreme Precision Radial Velocity Working Group Final Report

Precise mass measurements of exoplanets discovered by the direct imaging or transit technique are required to determine planet bulk properties and potential habitability. Furthermore, it is generally acknowledged that, for the foreseeable future, the Extreme Precision Radial Velocity (EPRV) measurement technique is the only method potentially capable of detecting and measuring the masses and orbits of habitable-zone Earths orbiting nearby F, G, and K spectral-type stars from the ground. In particular, EPRV measurements with a precision of better than approximately 10 cm/s (with a few cm/s stability over many years) are required. Unfortunately, for nearly a decade, PRV instruments and surveys have been unable to routinely reach RV accuracies of less than roughly 1 m/s. Making EPRV science and technology development a critical component of both NASA and NSF program plans is crucial for reaching the goal of detecting potentially habitable Earthlike planets and supporting potential future exoplanet direct imaging missions such as the Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) or the Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR). In recognition of these facts, the 2018 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Exoplanet Science Strategy (ESS) report recommended the development of EPRV measurements as a critical step toward the detection and characterization of habitable, Earth-analog planets. In response to the NAS-ESS recommendation, NASA and NSF commissioned the EPRV Working Group to recommend a ground-based program architecture and implementation plan to achieve the goal intended by the NAS. This report documents the activities, findings, and recommendations of the EPRV Working Group.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2021

Non-detection of Helium in the upper atmospheres of TRAPPIST-1b, e and f

We obtained high-resolution spectra of the ultra-cool M-dwarf TRAPPIST-1 during the transit of its planet `b' using two high dispersion near-infrared spectrographs, IRD instrument on the Subaru 8.2m telescope and HPF instrument on the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope. These spectroscopic observations are complemented by a photometric transit observation for planet `b' using the APO/ARCTIC, which assisted us to capture the correct transit times for our transit spectroscopy. Using the data obtained by the new IRD and HPF observations, as well as the prior transit observations of planets `b', `e' and `f' from IRD, we attempt to constrain the atmospheric escape of the planet using the He I triplet 10830 Å absorption line. We do not detect evidence for any primordial extended H-He atmospheres in all three planets. To limit any planet related absorption, we place an upper limit on the equivalent widths of <7.754 mÅ for planet `b', <10.458 mÅ for planet `e', and <4.143 mÅ for planet `f' at 95% confidence from the IRD data, and <3.467 mÅ for planet `b' at 95% confidence from HPF data. Using these limits along with a solar-like composition isothermal Parker wind model, we attempt to constrain the mass-loss rates for the three planets. For TRAPPIST-1b, our models exclude the highest possible energy-limited rate for a wind temperature <5000 K. This non-detection of extended atmospheres having low mean-molecular weight in all three planets aids in further constraining their atmospheric composition by steering the focus towards the search of high molecular weight species in their atmospheres.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

3D-M3: High-spatial resolution spectroscopy with extreme AO and 3D printed micro-lenslets

By combining IFS with ExAO we are now able to resolve objects close to the diffraction-limit of large telescopes, exploring new science cases. We introduce an IFU designed to couple light with a minimal platescale from the SCExAO facility at NIR wavelengths to a SM spectrograph. The IFU has a 3D-printed MLA on top of a custom SM MCF, to optimize the coupling of light into the fiber cores. We demonstrate the potential of the instrument via initial results from the first on-sky runs at the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope with a spectrograph using off-the-shelf optics, allowing for rapid development with low cost.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2021

Stellar Activity Manifesting at a One Year Alias Explains Barnard b as a False Positive

Barnard's star is among the most studied stars given its proximity to the Sun. It is often considered $the$ Radial Velocity (RV) standard for fully convective stars due to its RV stability and equatorial declination. Recently, an $M \sin i = 3.3 M_{\oplus}$ super-Earth planet candidate with a 233 day orbital period was announced by Ribas et al. (2018). New observations from the near-infrared Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) Doppler spectrometer do not show this planetary signal. We ran a suite of experiments on both the original data and a combined original + HPF data set. These experiments include model comparisons, periodogram analyses, and sampling sensitivity, all of which show the signal at the proposed period of 233 days is transitory in nature. The power in the signal is largely contained within 211 RVs that were taken within a 1000 day span of observing. Our preferred model of the system is one which features stellar activity without a planet. We propose that the candidate planetary signal is an alias of the 145 day rotation period. This result highlights the challenge of analyzing long-term, quasi-periodic activity signals over multi-year and multi-instrument observing campaigns.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

A Harsh Test of Far-Field Scrambling with the Habitable Zone Planet Finder and the Hobby Eberly Telescope

The Habitable zone Planet Finder (HPF) is a fiber fed precise radial velocity spectrograph at the 10 m Hobby Eberly Telescope (HET). Due to its fixed altitude design, the HET pupil changes appreciably across a track, leading to significant changes of the fiber far-field illumination. HPF's fiber scrambler is designed to suppress the impact of these illumination changes on the radial velocities -- but the residual impact on the radial velocity measurements has yet to be probed on sky. We use GJ 411, a bright early type (M2) M dwarf to probe the effects of far-field input trends due to these pupil variations on HPF radial velocities (RVs). These large changes ($\sim$ 2x) in pupil area and centroid present a harsh test of HPF's far-field scrambling. Our results show that the RVs are effectively decoupled from these extreme far-field input changes due to pupil centroid offsets, attesting to the effectiveness of the scrambler design. This experiment allows us to test the impact of these changes with large pupil variation on-sky, something we would not easily be able to do at a conventional optical telescope. While the pupil and illumination changes expected at these other telescopes are small, scaling from our results enables us to estimate and bound these effects, and show that they are controllable even for the new and next generation of RV instruments in their quest to beat down instrumental noise sources towards the goal of a few cm/s.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

The impact of tidal friction evolution on the orbital decay of ultra-short period planets

Unveiling the fate of ultra-short period (USP) planets may help us understand the qualitative agreement between tidal theory and the observed exoplanet distribution. Nevertheless, due to the time-varying interchange of spin-orbit angular momentum in star-planet systems, the expected amount of tidal friction is unknown and depends on the dissipative properties of stellar and planetary interiors. In this work, we couple structural changes in the star and the planet resulting from the energy released per tidal cycle and simulate the orbital evolution of USP planets and the spin-up produced on their host star. For the first time, we allow the strength of magnetic braking to vary within a model that includes photo-evaporation, drag caused by the stellar wind, stellar mass loss, and stellar wind enhancement due to the in-falling USP planet. We apply our model to the two exoplanets with the shortest periods known to date, NGTS-10b and WASP-19b. We predict they will undergo orbital decay in time-scales that depend on the evolution of the tidal dissipation reservoir inside the star, as well as the contribution of the stellar convective envelope to the transfer of angular momentum. Contrary to previous work, which predicted mid-transit time shifts of $\sim30-190$ s over 10 years, we found that such changes would be smaller than 10 s. We note this is sensitive to the assumptions about the dissipative properties of the system. Our results have important implications for the search for observational evidence of orbital decay in USP planets, using present and future observational campaigns.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

Broadband stability of the Habitable Zone Planet Finder Fabry-Pérot etalon calibration system: evidence for chromatic variation

The comb-like spectrum of a white light-illuminated Fabry-Pérot etalon can serve as a cost-effective and stable reference for precise Doppler measurements. Understanding the stability of these devices across their broad (100's of nm) spectral bandwidths is essential to realize their full potential as Doppler calibrators. However, published descriptions remain limited to small bandwidths or short timespans. We present a $\sim6$ month broadband stability monitoring campaign of the Fabry-Pérot etalon system deployed with the near-infrared Habitable Zone Planet Finder spectrograph (HPF). We monitor the wavelengths of each of $\sim3500$ resonant modes measured in HPF spectra of this Fabry-Pérot etalon (free spectral range = 30 GHz, bandwidth = 820 - 1280 nanometers), leveraging the accuracy and precision of an electro-optic frequency comb reference. These results reveal chromatic structure in the Fabry-Pérot mode locations and in their evolution with time. We measure an average drift on the order of 2 cm s $^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$, with local departures up to $\pm5$ cm s $^{-1}$ d$^{-1}$. We discuss these behaviors in the context of the Fabry-Pérot etalon mirror dispersion and other optical properties of the system, and the implications for the use of similar systems for precise Doppler measurements. Our results show that this system supports the wavelength calibration of HPF at the $\lesssim10$ cm s $^{-1}$ level over a night and at the $\lesssim30$ cm s $^{-1}$ level over $\sim10$ d. Our results also highlight the need for long-term and spectrally-resolved study of similar systems that will be deployed to support Doppler measurement precision approaching $\sim10$ cm s $^{-1}$.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2021

The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Detects a Terrestrial-mass Planet Candidate Closely Orbiting Gliese 1151: The Likely Source of Coherent Low-frequency Radio Emission from an Inactive Star

The coherent low-frequency radio emission detected by LOFAR from Gliese 1151, a quiescent M4.5 dwarf star, has radio emission properties consistent with theoretical expectations of star-planet interactions for an Earth-sized planet on a 1-5 day orbit. New near-infrared radial velocities from the Habitable-zone Planet Finder (HPF) spectrometer on the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory, combined with previous velocities from HARPS-N, reveal a periodic Doppler signature consistent with an $m\sin i = 2.5 \pm 0.5 M_\oplus$ exoplanet on a 2.02-day orbit. Precise photometry from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) shows no flares or activity signature, consistent with a quiescent M dwarf. While no planetary transit is detected in the TESS data, a weak photometric modulation is detectable in the photometry at a $\sim2$ day period. This independent detection of a candidate planet signal with the Doppler radial-velocity technique adds further weight to the claim of the first detection of star-exoplanet interactions at radio wavelengths, and helps validate this emerging technique for the detection of exoplanets.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

Optical design trade-off study for the AO module of MAVIS

MAVIS (MCAO-Assisted Visible Imager and Spectrograph) is an instrument proposed for the VLT Adaptive Optics Facility (AOF), which is currently in the phase-A conceptual design study. It will be the first instrument performing Multi-conjugate adaptive optics at visible wavelengths, enabling a new set of science observations. MAVIS will be installed at the Nasmyth platform of VLT UT-4 taking advantage of the already operational Adaptive Optics Facility that consists of 4 LGS and an adaptive secondary mirror with 1170 actuators. In addition, two post-focal deformable mirrors and 3 Natural Guide Stars (NGS) are foreseen for the tomographic reconstruction and correction of atmospheric turbulence. The MAVIS AO module is intended to feed both an imager and a spectrograph that will take advantage of the increased resolution and depth with respect to current instrumentation. In this paper we present the trade-off study for the optical design of the MAVIS AO module, highlighting the peculiarities of the system and the requirements imposed by AO. We propose a set of possible optical solutions able to provide a compact and efficient implementation of the different subsystems and we compare them in terms of delivered optical quality, overall throughput, encumbrance, ease of alignment and residual distortion.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2021

Target Prioritization and Observing Strategies for the NEID Earth Twin Survey

NEID is a high-resolution optical spectrograph on the WIYN 3.5-m telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory and will soon join the new generation of extreme precision radial velocity instruments in operation around the world. We plan to use the instrument to conduct the NEID Earth Twin Survey (NETS) over the course of the next 5 years, collecting hundreds of observations of some of the nearest and brightest stars in an effort to probe the regime of Earth-mass exoplanets. Even if we take advantage of the extreme instrumental precision conferred by NEID, it will remain difficult to disentangle the weak (~10 cm s$^{-1}$) signals induced by such low-mass, long-period exoplanets from stellar noise for all but the quietest host stars. In this work, we present a set of quantitative selection metrics which we use to identify an initial NETS target list consisting of stars conducive to the detection of exoplanets in the regime of interest. We also outline a set of observing strategies with which we aim to mitigate uncertainty contributions from intrinsic stellar variability and other sources of noise.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

An innovative integral field unit upgrade with 3D-printed micro-lenses for the RHEA at Subaru

In the new era of Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) currently under construction, challenging requirements drive spectrograph designs towards techniques that efficiently use a facility's light collection power. Operating in the single-mode (SM) regime, close to the diffraction limit, reduces the footprint of the instrument compared to a conventional high-resolving power spectrograph. The custom built injection fiber system with 3D-printed micro-lenses on top of it for the replicable high-resolution exoplanet and asteroseismology spectrograph at Subaru in combination with extreme adaptive optics of SCExAO, proved its high efficiency in a lab environment, manifesting up to ~77% of the theoretical predicted performance.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

Fiber modal noise mitigation by a rotating double scrambler

Fiber modal noise is a performance limiting factor in high-resolution spectroscopy, both with respect to achieving high signal-to-noise ratios or when targeting high-precision radial velocity measurements, with multi-mode fiber-fed high-resolution spectrographs. Traditionally, modal noise is reduced by agitating or "shaking" the fiber. This way, the light propagating in the fiber is redistributed over many different modes. However, in case of fibers with only a limited number of modes, e.g. at near-infrared wavelengths or in adaptive-optics assisted systems, this method becomes very inefficient. The strong agitation that would be needed stresses the fiber and could lead to focal ratio degradation, or worse, to damaging the fiber. As an alternative approach, we propose to make use of a classic optical double scrambler, a device that is already implemented in many high-precision radial-velocity spectrographs, to mitigate the effect of modal noise by rotating the scrambler's first fiber end during each exposure. Because of the rotating illumination pattern of the scrambler's second fiber, the modes that are excited vary continuously. This leads to very efficient averaging of the modal pattern at the fiber exit and to a strong reduction of modal noise. In this contribution, we present a prototype design and preliminary laboratory results of the rotating double scrambler.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

MARVEL, a four-telescope array for high-precision radial-velocity monitoring

Since the first discovery of a planet outside of our Solar System in 1995, exoplanet research has shifted from detecting to characterizing worlds around other stars. The TESS (NASA, launched 2019) and PLATO mission (ESA, planned launch 2026) will find and constrain the size of thousands of exoplanets around bright stars all over the sky. Radial velocity measurements are needed to characterize the orbit and mass, and complete the picture of densities and composition of the exoplanet systems found. The Ariel mission (ESA, planned launch 2028) will characterize exoplanet atmospheres with infrared spectroscopy. Characterization of stellar activity using optical spectroscopy from the ground is key to retrieve the spectral footprint of the planetary atmosphere in Ariel's spectra. To enable the scientific harvest of the TESS, PLATO and Ariel space missions, we plan to install MARVEL as an extension of the existing Mercator Telescope at the Roque De Los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma (SPAIN). MARVEL consists of an array of four 80 cm telescopes linked through optical fibers to a single high-resolution echelle spectrograph, optimized for extreme-precision radial velocity measurements. It can observe the radial velocities of four different stars simultaneously or, alternatively, combine the flux from four telescopes pointing to a single faint target in one spectrum. MARVEL is constructed by a KU Leuven (Belgium) led collaboration, with contributions from the UK, Austria, Australia, Sweden, Denmark and Spain. In this paper, we present the MARVEL instrument with special focus on the optical design and expected performance of the spectrograph, and report on the status of the project.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

Ghosts of NEID's Past

The NEID spectrograph is a R $\sim$ 120,000 resolution fiber-fed and highly stabilized spectrograph for extreme radial velocity (RV) precision. It is being commissioned at the 3.5 m WIYN telescope in Kitt Peak National Observatory with a desired instrumental precision of better than 30 \cms{}. NEID's bandpass of 380 -- 930 nm enables the simultaneous wavelength coverage of activity indicators from the Ca HK lines in the blue to the Ca IR triplet in the IR. In this paper we will present our efforts to characterize and mitigate optical ghosts in the NEID spectrograph during assembly, integration and testing, and highlight several of the dominant optical element contributors such as the cross dispersion prism and input optics. We shall present simulations of the 2-D spectrum and discuss the predicted ghost features on the focal plane, and how they may impact the RV performance for NEID. We also present the mitigation strategy adopted for each ghost which may be applied to future instrument designs. This work will enable other instrument builders to potentially avoid some of these issues, as well as outline mitigation strategies.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2020

A warm Jupiter transiting an M dwarf: A TESS single transit event confirmed with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder

We confirm the planetary nature of a warm Jupiter transiting the early M dwarf TOI-1899, using a combination of available TESS photometry; high-precision, near-infrared spectroscopy with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder; and speckle and adaptive optics imaging. The data reveal a transiting companion on an $\sim29$-day orbit with a mass and radius of $0.66\pm0.07\ \mathrm{M_{J}}$ and $1.15_{-0.05}^{+0.04}\ \mathrm{R_{J}}$, respectively. The star TOI-1899 is the lowest-mass star known to host a transiting warm Jupiter, and we discuss the follow-up opportunities afforded by a warm ($\mathrm{T_{eq}}\sim362$ K) gas giant orbiting an M0 star. Our observations reveal that TOI-1899.01 is a puffy warm Jupiter, and we suggest additional transit observations to both refine the orbit and constrain the true dilution observed in TESS.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Reveals A High Mass and a Low Obliquity for the Young Neptune K2-25b

Using radial-velocity data from the Habitable-zone Planet Finder, we have measured the mass of the Neptune-sized planet K2-25b, as well as the obliquity of its M4.5-dwarf host star in the 600-800MYr Hyades cluster. This is one of the youngest planetary systems for which both of these quantities have been measured, and one of the very few M dwarfs with a measured obliquity. Based on a joint analysis of the radial velocity data, time-series photometry from the K2 mission, and new transit light curves obtained with diffuser-assisted photometry, the planet's radius and mass are $3.44\pm 0.12 \mathrm{R_\oplus}$ and $24.5_{-5.2}^{+5.7} \mathrm{M_\oplus}$. These properties are compatible with a rocky core enshrouded by a thin hydrogen-helium atmosphere (5% by mass). We measure an orbital eccentricity of $e=0.43 \pm 0.05$. The sky-projected stellar obliquity is $λ=3 \pm 16^{\circ}$, compatible with spin-orbit alignment, in contrast to other "hot Neptunes" that have been studied around older stars.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

TOI-1728b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a warm super Neptune orbiting an M dwarf host

We confirm the planetary nature of TOI-1728b using a combination of ground-based photometry, near-infrared Doppler velocimetry and spectroscopy with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder.TOI-1728 is an old, inactive M0 star with \teff{} $= 3980^{+31}_{-32}$ K, which hosts a transiting super Neptune at an orbital period of $\sim$ 3.49 days. Joint fitting of the radial velocities and TESS and ground-based transits yields a planetary radius of $5.05_{-0.17}^{+0.16}$ R$_{\oplus}$, mass $26.78_{-5.13}^{+5.43}$ M$_{\oplus}$ and eccentricity $0.057_{-0.039}^{+0.054}$. We estimate the stellar properties, and perform a search for He 10830 Åabsorption during the transit of this planet and claim a null detection with an upper limit of 1.1$\%$ with 90\% confidence. A deeper level of He 10830 Å~ absorption has been detected in the planet atmosphere of GJ 3470b, a comparable gaseous planet. TOI-1728b is the largest super Neptune -- the intermediate subclass of planets between Neptune and the more massive gas-giant planets -- discovered around an M dwarf. With its relatively large mass and radius, TOI-1728 represents a valuable datapoint in the M-dwarf exoplanet mass-radius diagram, bridging the gap between the lighter Neptune-sized planets and the heavier Jovian planets known to orbit M-dwarfs. With a low bulk density of $1.14_{-0.24}^{+0.26}$ g/cm$^3$, and orbiting a bright host star (J $\sim 9.6$, V $\sim 12.4$), TOI-1728b is also a promising candidate for transmission spectroscopy both from the ground and from space, which can be used to constrain planet formation and evolutionary models.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

A Mini-Neptune and a Venus-Zone Planet in the Radius Valley Orbiting the Nearby M2-dwarf TOI-1266: Validation with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder

We report on the validation of two planets orbiting the nearby (36pc) M2 dwarf TOI-1266 observed by the TESS mission. The inner planet is sub-Neptune-sized ($R=2.46 \pm 0.08 R_\oplus$) with an orbital period of 10.9 days. The outer planet has a radius of $1.67_{-0.11}^{+0.09} R_\oplus$ and resides in the exoplanet Radius Valley---the transition region between rocky and gaseous planets. With an orbital period of 18.8 days, the outer planet receives an insolation flux of 2.4 times that of Earth, similar to the insolation of Venus. Using precision near-infrared radial velocities with the Habitable-zone Planet Finder Spectrograph, we place upper mass limits of $15.9 M_\oplus$ and $6.4 M_\oplus$ at 95% confidence for the inner and outer planet, respectively. A more precise mass constraint of planet c, achievable with current RV instruments given the host star brightness (V=12.9, J=9.7), will yield further insights into the dominant processes sculpting the exoplanet Radius Valley.

astro-ph.EP↗