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Christine Gruber

Publications and source records attributed to Christine Gruber.

16 recordsLinked to original sources

Reparametrizations and metric structures in thermodynamic phase space

We investigate the consequences of reparametrizations in the geometric description of thermodynamics analyzing the effects on the thermodynamic phase space. It is known that the contact and Riemannian structures of the thermodynamic phase space are related to thermodynamic equilibrium and statistical fluctuations in the Boltzmann-Gibbs statistical mechanics. The physical motivation for this analysis rests upon the possibility of having, instead of a direct control of the intensive parameters determining the state of the corresponding physical reservoirs, the control of a set of differentiable functions of the original variables. Likewise, we consider a set of differentiable functions of the extensive variables accounting for the possibility of not having direct access to the original variables. We find that the effect of reparametrizations on the thermodynamic phase space can be codified, in geometrical terms, in its contact and Riemannian structures. In particular, we single out a rank-two tensor that enters in the definition of the metric which geometrically comprises the information about such reparametrizations. We notice that even if these geometric structures are modified by the reparametrizations, the metric structure on the thermodynamic space of equilibrium states is preserved.

math-ph

Thermodynamic Analysis of a Self-Gravitating Gas in Astrophysical Contexts

The thermodynamics of a self-gravitating gas cloud of particles interacting only via their gravitational potential is an interesting problem with peculiarities arising due to the long-ranged nature of the gravitational interaction. Based on our recent work on the properties of such a configuration, we extend the system to contain a central gravitational field in which the particles are moving, to mimic the potential of a central compact object exerting an external force on the gas cloud. After an introduction to the general problem, including the aforementioned peculiarities and possible solutions, we will discuss the particular properties of the self-gravitating gas in a central field and its thermodynamic analysis.

physics.gen-ph

Statistical origin of Legendre invariant metrics

Legendre invariant metrics have been introduced in Geometrothermodynamics to take into account the important fact that the thermodynamic properties of physical systems do not depend on the choice of thermodynamic potential from a geometric perspective. In this work, we show that these metrics also have a statistical origin which can be expressed in terms of the average and variance of the differential of the microscopic entropy. To show this, we use a particular reparametrization of the coordinates of the corresponding thermodynamic phase space.

cond-mat.stat-mech

An effective model for inflation from geometrothermodynamics: a detailed analysis of thermodynamics and cosmological perturbations

Inflationary models usually assume the existence of scalar fields or other exotic gravitational sources. We investigate an alternative approach in which the entire Universe is considered as a thermodynamic system described by geometrothermodynamics. A particular van der Waals like fundamental equation is used to construct an effective inflationary model which is consistent with the main physical requirements, such as the number of e-foldings and the times for the onset and end of inflation, predicting in this way a volume of approximately $10^{-84}$ m$^3$ at the onset of inflation. The phase transition structure and thermodynamic behavior of the system are consistent with the expected properties of an inflationary scenario. Cosmological perturbations of the model are shown to be in agreement with the corresponding primordial power spectrum providing the seeds for the creation of large-scale structure.

gr-qc

Non-extensive statistical mechanics of a self-gravitating gas

The statistical mechanics of a cloud of particles interacting via their gravitational potentials is an old problem which encounters some issues when the traditional Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics is applied. In this article, we consider the generalized statistics of Tsallis and analyze the statistical and thermodynamical implications for a self-gravitating gas, obtaining analytical and convergent expressions for the equation of state and specific heat in the canonical as well as microcanonical ensembles. Although our results are comparable in both ensembles, it turns out that only in the canonical case the thermodynamic quantities depend explicitly on the non-extensivity parameter, indicating that the question of ensemble equivalence for Tsallis statistics must be further reviewed.

cond-mat.stat-mech

The zeroth law in quasi-homogeneous thermodynamics and black holes

Motivated by black holes thermodynamics, we consider the zeroth law of thermodynamics for systems whose entropy is a quasi-homogeneous function of the extensive variables. We show that the generalized Gibbs-Duhem identity and the Maxwell construction for phase coexistence based on the standard zeroth law are incompatible in this case. We argue that the generalized Gibbs-Duhem identity suggests a revision of the zeroth law which in turns permits to reconsider Maxwell's construction in analogy with the standard case. The physical feasibility of our proposal is considered in the particular case of black holes.

gr-qc

Geometrothermodynamic model for the evolution of the Universe

Using the formalism of geometrothermodynamics to derive a fundamental thermodynamic equation, we construct a cosmological model in the framework of relativistic cosmology. In a first step, we describe a system without thermodynamic interaction, and show it to be equivalent to the standard $Λ$CDM paradigm. The second step includes thermodynamic interaction and produces a model consistent with the main features of inflation. With the proposed fundamental equation we are thus able to describe all the known epochs in the evolution of our Universe, starting from the inflationary phase.

gr-qc

Geometric approaches to the thermodynamics of black holes

In this summary, we present the main topics of the talks presented in the parallel session "Black holes - 5" of the 14th Marcel Grossmann Meeting held in Rome, Italy in July 2015. We first present a short review of the main approaches used to understand thermodynamics by using differential geometry. Then, we present a brief summary of each presentation, including some general remarks and comments.

gr-qc

Black hole thermodynamics in finite time

Finite-time thermodynamics provides the means to revisit ideal thermodynamic equilibrium processes in the light of reality and investigate the energetic "price of haste", i.e. the consequences of carrying out a process in finite time, when perfect equilibrium cannot be awaited due to economic reasons or the nature of the process. Employing the formalism of geometric thermodynamics, a lower bound on the energy dissipated during a process is derived from the thermodynamic length of that process. The notion of length is hereby defined via a metric structure on the space of equilibrium thermodynamics, spanned by a set of thermodynamic variables describing the system. Since the aim of finite-time thermodynamics is to obtain realistic limitations on idealized scenarios, it is a useful tool to reassess the efficiency of thermodynamic processes. We examine its implications for black hole thermodynamics, in particular scenarios inspired by the Penrose process, a thought experiment by which work can be extracted from a rotating black hole. We consider a Kerr black hole which, by some mechanism, is losing mass and angular momentum. Thermodynamically speaking, such a process is described in the equilibrium phase space of the black hole, but in reality, it is neither reversible nor infinitely slow. We thus calculate the dissipated energy due to non-ideal finite-time effects.

gr-qc

Thermodynamic optimization of a Penrose process: an engineers' approach to black hole thermodynamics

In this work we present a new view on the thermodynamics of black holes introducing effects of irreversibility by employing thermodynamic optimization and finite-time thermodynamics. These questions are of importance both in physics and in engineering, combining standard thermodynamics with optimal control theory in order to find optimal protocols and bounds for realistic processes without assuming anything about the microphysics involved. We find general bounds on the maximum work and the efficiency of thermodynamic processes involving black holes that can be derived exclusively from the knowledge of thermodynamic relations at equilibrium. Since these new bounds consider the finite duration of the processes, they are more realistic and stringent than their reversible counterparts. To illustrate our arguments, we consider in detail the thermodynamic optimization of a Penrose process, i.e. the problem of finding the least dissipative process extracting all the angular momentum from a Kerr black hole in finite time. We discuss the relevance of our results for real astrophysical phenomena, for the comparison with laboratory black holes analogues and for other theoretical aspects of black hole thermodynamics.

gr-qc

A theory of finite-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates in neutron stars

We investigate the possible occurrence of a Bose-Einstein condensed phase of matter within neutron stars due to the formation of Cooper pairs among the superfluid neutrons. To this end we study the condensation of bosonic particles under the influence of both a short-range contact and a long-range gravitational interaction in the framework of a Hartree-Fock theory. We consider a finite-temperature scenario, generalizing existing approaches, and derive macroscopic and astrophysically relevant quantities like a mass limit for neutron stars.

gr-qc

Observed Cosmological Reexpansion in Minimal QFT with Bose and Fermi Fields

In this work we aim at explaining the re-acceleration of the expansion of the universe, or equivalently, the hierarchy problem, with the help of a simple field-theoretical model. In particular, we want to account for the notorious discrepancy between the observed value of the cosmological expansion term and theoretical values of the vacuum energy of free quantum fields. Rendered infinite by short-wavelength fluctuations, evaluation up to a cutoff in momentum space at the Planck scale leads to contributions of the order of $10^{76} \,\mathrm{GeV}^4$. The observed value of the cosmic expansion being of the order of $10^{-47} \mathrm{GeV}^4$, this is a difference of $123$ orders of magnitude. We propose a possible resolution of the hierarchy problem by a cancelation of divergences by equivalent contributions of bosonic and fermionic fields of the system, albeit after some fine-tuning of the parameters of the field theory. We show that in principle nothing beyond conventional ingredients of quantum field theory is necessary to provide us with a possible explanation of the observed dark energy, and thus with a solution to the hierarchy problem.

gr-qc

Cosmographic analysis of the equation of state of the universe through Padé approximations

Cosmography is used in cosmological data processing in order to constrain the kinematics of the universe in a model-independent way, providing an objective means to evaluate the agreement of a model with observations. In this paper, we extend the conventional methodology of cosmography employing Taylor expansions of observables by an alternative approach using Padé approximations. Due to the superior convergence properties of Padé expansions, it is possible to improve the fitting analysis to obtain numerical values for the parameters of the cosmographic series. From the results, we can derive the equation of state parameter of the universe and its first derivative and thus acquire information about the thermodynamic state of the universe. We carry out statistical analyses using observations of the distance modulus of type 1a supernovae, provided by the union 2.1 compilation of the supernova cosmology project, employing a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach with an implemented Metropolis algorithm. We compare the results of the original Taylor approach to the newly introduced Padé formalism. The analyses show that experimental data constrain the observable universe well, finding an accelerating universe and a positive jerk parameter. We demonstrate that the Padé convergence radii are greater than standard Taylor convergence radii, and infer a lower limit on the acceleration of the universe solely by requiring the positivity of the Padé expansion. We obtain fairly good agreement with the Planck results, confirming the $Λ$CDM model at small redshifts, although we cannot exclude a dark energy density varying in time with negligible speed of sound.

gr-qc

Constraints from Cosmography in various parameterizations

We use cosmography to present constraints on the kinematics of the Universe without postulating any underlying theoretical model a priori. To this end, we use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis to perform comparisons to the supernova Ia union 2 compilation, combined with the Hubble Space Telescope measurements of the Hubble constant, and the Hubble parameter datasets. The cosmographic approach to our analysis is revisited and extended for new notions of redshift presented as alternatives to the redshift z. Furthermore, we introduce a new set of fitting parameters describing the kinematical evolution of the Universe in terms of the equation of state of the Universe and derivatives of the total pressure. Our results are consistent with the ΛCDM model, although alternative models, with nearly constant pressure and no cosmological constant, match the results accurately as well.

astro-ph.CO

Cosmography and constraints on the equation of state of the Universe in various parametrizations

We use cosmography to present constraints on the kinematics of the Universe, without postulating any underlying theoretical model. To this end, we use a Monte Carlo Markov Chain analysis to perform comparisons to the supernova Ia Union 2 compilation, combined with the Hubble Space Telescope measurements of the Hubble constant, and the Hubble parameter datasets. We introduce a sixth order cosmographic parameter and show that it does not enlarge considerably the posterior distribution when comparing to the fifth order results. We also propose a way to construct viable parameter variables to be used as alternatives of the redshift $z$. These can overcome both the problems of divergence and lack of accuracy associated with the use of $z$. Moreover, we show that it is possible to improve the numerical fits by re-parameterizing the cosmological distances. In addition, we constrain the equation of state of the Universe as a whole by the use of cosmography. Thus, we derive expressions which can be directly used to fit the equation of state and the pressure derivatives up to fourth order. To this end, it is necessary to depart from a pure cosmographic analysis and to assume the Friedmann equations as valid. All our results are consistent with the $Λ$CDM model, although alternative fluid models, with nearly constant pressure and no cosmological constant, match the results accurately as well.

astro-ph.CO

Black Hole Remnants in the Early Universe

We consider the production of primordial micro black holes (MBH) remnants in the early universe. These objects induce the universe to be in a matter-dominated era before the onset of inflation. Effects of such an epoch on the CMB power spectrum are discussed and computed both analytically and numerically. By comparison with the latest observational data from the WMAP collaboration, we find that our model is able to explain the quadrupole anomaly of the CMB power spectrum.

gr-qc