arXiv subjects

Christopher Kiehl

Publications and source records attributed to Christopher Kiehl.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

An Accurate Vector Magnetometer via Zeeman Rabi Oscillations

Accurate magnetic field direction sensing in compact platforms is critical in applications spanning magnetic navigation, space science, and biomedical imaging. We demonstrate a single-optical-axis vector optically pumped magnetometer based on Rabi oscillations between Zeeman sublevels driven by a series of resonant radiofrequency (RF) polarization ellipses (PEs). A calibration protocol based on controlled rotations of the DC magnetic field determines the spatial orientation of each PE. We develop a detailed theoretical model describing the angular dependence of the Rabi frequencies, incorporating key systematics including RF Stark shifts and Bloch-Siegert shifts. We also account for an RF-based heading-error systematic affecting Rabi-frequency measurements arising from the nonlinear Zeeman effect. Simultaneous Larmor measurements yield the magnitude of the magnetic field, enabling integrated vector-scalar measurements. The magnetometer achieves deadzone-free vector operation with 80 $\mu$rad mean angular accuracy and angular noise densities as low as 8 $\mu$rad$/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, offering a pathway towards miniaturized sensors without requiring 3D optical access or sensor rotations.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2025

Magnetotactic bacterial populations studied with a Pound-Drever-Hall atomic magnetometer

We demonstrate an optically pumped magnetometer that monitors spin polarization using Pound Drever Hall (PDH) technique. The instrument exhibits a noise floor of 22.2 pT/sqrt(Hz) limited by optical photon shot noise, short-term instability of 30.8 pT/sqrt(Hz)/sqrt({\tau}) for averaging times {\tau} < 0.2 s , instability below 70 pT for 0.2 s < {\tau} < 20 s and a minimum instability of 47 pT at {\tau} = 6 s. We apply the OPM to investigate the ability of magnetotactic bacteria (Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, MSR-1) to orient in externally applied magnetic fields. Observing an opaque, concentrated suspension, we detect deviations from exponential relaxation dynamics on second time-scales, which give information about the dispersion of bacterial magnetic moment and rotational damping coefficient. These parameters are observed to evolve as the population further concentrates due to evaporation and settling. To our knowledge, this is the first time such magnetic inhomogeneities and long-term relaxation deviations have been directly observed. This study showcases both the sensitivity and stability of our OPM and its potential for probing biophysical processes.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2024

Accurate vector optically pumped magnetometer with microwave-driven Rabi frequency measurements

Robust calibration of vector optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) is a nontrivial task, but increasingly important for applications requiring high-accuracy such as magnetic navigation, geophysics research, and space exploration. Here, we showcase a vector OPM that utilizes Rabi oscillations driven between the hyperfine manifolds of $^{87}$Rb to measure the direction of a DC magnetic field against the polarization ellipse structure of a microwave field. By relying solely on atomic measurements -- free-induction decay (FID) signals and Rabi measurements across multiple atomic transitions -- this sensor can detect drift in the microwave vector reference and compensate for systematic shifts caused by off-resonant driving, nonlinear Zeeman (NLZ) effects, and buffer gas collisions. To facilitate dead-zone-free operation, we also introduce a novel Rabi measurement that utilizes dressed-state resonances that appear during simultaneous Larmor precession and Rabi driving (SPaR). These measurements, performed within a microfabricated vapor cell platform, achieve an average vector accuracy of 0.46 mrad and vector sensitivities down to 11 $\mu$rad$/\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for geomagnetic field strengths near 50 $\mu$T. This performance surpasses the challenging 1-degree (17 mrad) accuracy threshold of several contemporary OPM methods utilizing atomic vapors with an electromagnetic vector reference.

physics.atom-ph↗

arXiv2024

Correcting heading errors in optically pumped magnetometers through microwave interrogation

We demonstrate how to measure in situ for heading errors of optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) in the challenging parameter regime of compact vapor cells with imperfect optical pumping and high buffer gas pressure. For this, we utilize microwave-driven Ramsey and Rabi frequency spectroscopy (FS) to independently characterize scalar heading errors in free induction decay (FID) signals. Both of these approaches suppress 5-nT inaccuracies in geomagnetic fields caused by nonlinear Zeeman (NLZ) shifts in FID measurements to below 0.6 nT. For Ramsey FS, we implement short periods of microwave interrogation within a $π/2-t_R-3π/2$ Ramsey interferometry sequence, effectively circumventing systematic errors from off-resonant driving. Conversely, Rabi FS leverages an atom-microwave Hamiltonian for accurate modeling of Rabi oscillation frequencies, achieving a measurement precision down to 80 pT$/ \sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ that is limited primarily by technical microwave noise. We show that the fundamental sensitivity of Rabi FS is 30 pT/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ with our vapor cell parameters through a Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) analysis. This work paves the way for future investigations into the accuracy of hyperfine structure (HFS) magnetometry and contributes to the broader applicability of OPMs in fields ranging from navigation and geophysics to space exploration and unexploded ordinance detection, where heading error mitigation is essential.

physics.atom-ph↗