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Claudio Ricci

Publications and source records attributed to Claudio Ricci.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

The hidden variability of the torus in local Active Galactic Nuclei: 20 years of Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR observations

X-ray absorption variability in active galactic nuclei (AGN) provides key constraints on the structure and dynamics of the circumnuclear obscuring medium, the so-called torus. A fraction of nearby AGN, however, have been classified as non-variable in line-of-sight (LoS) column density based on limited temporal coverage. We present the first systematic study of a sample of 11 local (z $\leq$ 0.1) obscured (N$_{\rm H} \geq 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$) AGN, initially classified as non-variable. The sample is selected from the Swift-BAT 100-month catalog, and comprises 60 observations from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and NuSTAR, spanning timescales from days to nearly two decades. We simultaneously model all available spectra for each source adopting physically motivated torus models: X-skirtor, RXTorusD, and UXCLUMPY. This approach allows us to derive the global properties of the obscurer while tracking possible epoch-to-epoch variations in the LoS column density and intrinsic X-ray emission. We find that the original non-variable classification (based on only two X-ray observations) is frequently not robust: clear N$_{\rm H,LoS}$ variability is detected in half of the sample, whereas 7 out of 10 AGN require intrinsic flux variability, with the rest showing flux-N$_{\rm H,LoS}$ degeneracies. We also find that the probability of identifying absorption variability increases with the number of observations, and the largest column density changes preferentially occur on long timescales, consistent with absorption by extended, structured clouds on torus scales. These findings support a clumpy and dynamic obscuring medium as a common feature of nearby AGN and highlight the importance of long-term X-ray monitoring for accurately characterizing AGN obscuration.

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GATOS XIV: The first direct kinematic evidence of dusty outflows from AGN via PAH kinematics of local Seyfert galaxies with JWST

We present the first spatially resolved kinematic evidence for dust in the outflows of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). We utilise observations from JWST with NIRSpec IFU and MIRI MRS data of 10 local Seyferts and use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) tomography to extract the kinematics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) features. PAHs comprise the smallest carbonaceous dust molecules in the Interstellar Medium (ISM), and produce emission features in the infrared providing the potential to measure kinematics. This is however challenging due to their broad shapes and variations in their intrinsic profile, prompting the need for techniques such as PCA tomography. We find that the velocity of the PAHs is similar to the molecular gas as traced by the rotational transitions of H$_2$, where for NGC 5728 and NGC 7582, both disk and outflow are present. We detect the outflow in the kinematics of large and neutral PAHs, namely the 11.3 $μ$m and 17 $μ$m PAH features, where after subtracting the disk, the velocity field matches that of high-ionisation potential lines such as [NeVI] (7.65 $μ$m, IP = 158 eV). Finally, we fail to detect kinematics of the 6.2 $μ$m PAH due to an altered intrinsic profile while the the 3.3 $μ$m PAH kinematics purely trace the circumnuclear disk. This suggests the PAHs in the outflow are more neutral and larger than in star-forming regions, consistent with PAH band ratios in previous studies of AGN.

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The Millimeter/X-ray Relation in Rapidly Accreting Supermassive Black Holes at $z < 0.16$

A tight correlation between nuclear millimeter and X-ray emission has recently been found in nearby ($z < 0.01$) and low-Eddington ratio ($\rm λ_{Edd} < 0.1$) radio-quiet Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), suggesting a common origin in the hot X-ray corona. We test this relation in nine more distant RQ AGN ($z \sim 0.06-0.16$) with higher bolometric luminosities ($\log(L_{\rm bol}/\mathrm{erg\,s^{-1}})=45.3-46.3$), Eddington ratios ($\rm λ_{Edd} = 0.19-0.85$), and X-ray bolometric corrections ($κ_{2-10}=29-194$), selected from the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) survey. We obtained quasi-simultaneous observations with Swift at 2-10 keV and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at 100 GHz and with high angular resolution ($<0.14$"). We find that these high-luminosity AGN lie above the millimeter/X-ray correlation defined by lower-luminosity sources. A joint fit to both samples yields a second-degree polynomial with an intrinsic scatter of 0.32 dex. Furthermore, the millimeter emission correlates linearly with both the UV disk luminosity and $L_{\rm bol}$, with intrinsic scatters of 0.45 and 0.35 dex, respectively. We propose that the deviation from the linear millimeter/X-ray relation arises from a two-component coronal electron population: thermal electrons that produce X-rays, but become less efficient at higher luminosities, and nonthermal electrons that produce millimeter emission and remain tied to $L_{\rm bol}$. Additional millimeter emission from outflow-driven shocks may also contribute, though spectral energy distribution modeling and spectral index studies favor a coronal origin.

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BASS LV. Connecting X-ray variability with AGN physical properties and a new path to Cosmological distances

X-ray variability is a well-established characteristic of active galactic nuclei (AGN), known to correlate inversely with both the supermassive black hole mass and luminosity, although the degree of each remains a topic of debate. The potential of X-ray variability as a proxy for MBH or for intrinsic LX has led to proposals to use AGN as standard candles to test cosmological models. However, the large intrinsic dispersion in these relations has limited their practical applications. In this work, we investigate the dependence of X-ray variability on AGN physical properties using a sample of 134 Seyfert 1 galaxies from the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS), which is the largest sample to date, more than three times larger than those used in previous studies. Contrary to earlier findings, we observe that X-ray variability correlates with luminosity just as strongly as with MBH. Furthermore, we still do not find evidence for the expected anti-correlation between variability and Eddington ratio, even when using refined bolometric luminosities from SED fitting to compute the Eddington ratio. From a cosmological perspective, the increased sample size reduces the scatter in the log(L)-log(exvar) relation to ~0.63 dex - a significant improvement over previous results, but still too large to serve as competitive standard candles, when compared to SNIa (uncertainties on distances of ~5-10%) or the L(X)-L(UV) relation in quasars (uncertainties of 10-12%). We tested including the width of broad emission lines as additional parameters, but found that this does not significantly lower the observed dispersion, contrary to previous studies on smaller samples. Finally, we discuss how future X-ray missions such as AXIS and NewAthena will improve this scenario by enabling precise variability measurements for thousands of AGN up to redshift z~3, thereby enabling it as a new cosmological probe.

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SDSS-V: Revealing a weak accretion state in X-ray selected red quasars

Red quasars (rQSOs) have been recognized as a short-lived, early stage in the evolutionary cycle of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), with fundamental differences in their intrinsic properties compared to blue quasars (bQSOs). In this work, we present the first large X-ray sample of 380 rQSOs, selected from the eROSITA/SDSS-V collaboration, providing uniform X-ray detection with optical spectroscopy accros half the sky, in the German hemisphere of eROSITA. We combine X-ray imaging, optical spectroscopy, and multi-wavelength photometry to fully probe the accretion, absorption and host properties of rQSOs. Independent Component Analysis is used to reconstruct optical spectra in a data-driven and non-parametric approach, while accounting for dust reddening and host contamination. rQSOs are intrinsically X-ray weak compared to bQSOs, with a higher fraction found at low X-ray luminosities (over 50$\%$ of the rQSO sample have $L_X < 10^{43.5} \, \rm erg \, s^{-1}$). We investigate the relative X-ray strength of rQSOs by measuring the spectral slope indicator $α_{OX}$. Despite their suppressed X-ray emission, rQSOs are not optically faint, but show low $α_{OX}$ values, indicating weak X-ray emission relative to their bright optical continua. X-ray spectral measurements reveal large gas column densities relative to optical reddening due to dust, implying that X-ray absorption could arise from dust-free gas close to the supermassive Black Hole (BH) rather than a classical dusty torus, while the dust responsible for optical reddening likely resides on larger host-galaxy scales or is associated with dusty gas carried in disc winds. rQSOs trace a phase of suppressed BH assembly relative to stellar mass growth, suggesting that they represent a distinct evolutionary stage where BH accretion is suppressed while the host galaxy continues to grow.

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Changing-Look Active Galactic Nuclei in SDSS-V: Host-Galaxy Properties and Black-Hole Scaling Relations

Changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) exhibit dramatic spectral variability on unexpectedly short timescales, challenging standard accretion flow models. Despite growing samples, the physical drivers of this extreme variability, and the potential link to host-galaxy properties, remain unknown. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, the transition between AGN-dominated and host-dominated spectra offers a unique opportunity to study relations between AGNs and their hosts within the same objects. We present intermediate-resolution spectroscopy of 23 CL-AGNs identified by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V), obtained with the Very Large Telescope/X-shooter and Gemini-N/GMOS. An analysis of the Mgii emission line observed in the spectra demonstrates that the majority of these sources cannot be driven by variable obscuration. Our CL-AGNs roughly follow the M_BH-sigma_* and M_BH-M_* relations of inactive galaxies, with a median black hole-to-stellar mass ratio of 0.38%. We find no evidence that the stellar population properties of our CL-AGNs, including stellar mass, age, young stellar fraction, and star-formation rate, differ from those of type 2 AGNs in SDSS. These results suggest that CL-AGNs reside in typical AGN host galaxies and that their extreme variability is likely unrelated to host-galaxy environment, supporting the idea that CL-AGNs are not a distinct population, but rather represent a phase of normal AGN activity. This result, in turn, implies that CL-AGNs can serve as useful probes of the AGN-host connection, providing access to both AGN-dominated and host-dominated spectra of the same systems.

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Jet-driven shocks and turbulence in radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei observed with JWST MIRI/MRS

Jet-cloud interactions are a key manifestation of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) feedback on nuclear scales, distinct from the large-scale radio-mode feedback that suppresses gas cooling in galaxy halos. On these smaller scales, radio jets can inject energy and momentum into the interstellar medium (ISM), shaping the physical and kinematic properties of the nuclear and circumnuclear regions of galaxies. Using JWST MIRI/MRS observations of seven nearby radio-loud AGN (3C293, 3C305, Centaurus A, Cygnus A, IC5063, NGC1052, and M87), we investigate jet-driven turbulence in both the warm molecular and ionized gas phases. By combining spatially resolved H$_2$/PAH flux ratios with diagnostic line ratios of the ionized gas, we constrain the dominant H$_2$ excitation processes and assess the impact of radio jet--ISM interactions on the multiphase gas. We find that radio jets drive enhanced turbulence in both molecular and ionized (traced by [FeII], [NeII] and [NeIII] lines) gas, not only along but also perpendicular to the jet axis, indicating that jet--ISM interactions extend beyond the collimated jet channel and affect the nuclear environment. Strong correlations between the H$_2$/PAH ratio, the H$_2$ excitation temperature, and shock-sensitive ionized-gas tracers indicate that jet-driven shocks dominate the excitation of the H$_2$ rotational lines in most sources. These results indicate that radio jets are a key driver of multiphase ISM kinematics and excitation in nearby radio-loud galaxies.

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The study of the circumnuclear environment of accreting supermassive black holes with realistic X-ray spectral models

X-ray spectral modeling is a powerful tool for studying the immediate environment of accreting objects, including supermassive black holes. Several models, either phenomenological or physically driven, have been developed over the past decade to study X-ray spectra, delivering important insights into the properties of circumnuclear material of active galactic nuclei (AGN). Despite the fact that these models are able to reproduce the data well, they often lack realistic geometries, and most of them consist of simplified configurations such as a slab or a torus. We use the ray-tracing code \textsc{RefleX} to generate new spectral models that cover a wide energy range in the X-ray band, adopting a realistic configuration for the surrounding material. We introduce two new table models that are publicly available: 1) the RXToPo model, which features an X-ray source along with a dusty torus and a polar hollow cone; 2) the RXagn1 model, which includes, besides the torus and polar cone, also the accretion disk and the broad line region. Both models were applied to the X-ray spectrum of NGC 424, demonstrating their potential to study sources whose X-ray emission is dominated by reprocessed radiation.

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Decoupling the AGN outflow and star-forming disk kinematics in the nuclear region of NGC 7582 with JWST NIRSpec and MIRI/MRS

We present a detailed study of the inner regions of NGC~7582, a nearby Seyfert~2 galaxy, from the Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS). The galaxy hosts a circumnuclear star-forming disk and an AGN-driven biconical ionised outflow. Using JWST NIRSpec and MIRI/MRS integral-field spectroscopy, we analyse ionic emission lines spanning a wide range of ionisation potentials (IPs, $\sim 8$--$126$ eV). Gaussian line-profile fitting reveals kinematic stratification: low-IP species ($\lesssim 20$ eV; e.g., [Fe II], [Ar II], [Ne II]) trace ordered disk rotation with PA $\sim -12 \pm 3^\circ$, while high-IP species ($\gtrsim 35$ eV; e.g., [O IV], [Mg IV], [Ne V]) follow the outflow with PA $\sim 54 \pm 10^\circ$. Outflowing gas exhibits systematically higher velocity dispersions ($119 \pm 13$ km/s) than the disk ($78 \pm 11$ km/s), consistent with turbulent or bulk motions. Intermediate-IP lines, [S III], [Ar III], and [Ne III], show contributions from both components, with the outflow characterised by higher dispersion, lower amplitude, and higher velocities in double-Gaussian fits. For these lines, a thin inclined disk plus one-dimensional outflow model enables robust separation and quantification of the disk and outflow velocity fields. The outflow is consistent with a hollow bicone capable of accelerating gas beyond the local escape velocity, implying most material is unlikely to be re-accreted. The ionisation cone opening angle shows no dependence on IP, indicating the AGN torus polar regions are largely unobscured. Our study provides new insights into AGN-driven outflows and circumnuclear disk dynamics, offering a framework to disentangle overlapping ISM kinematics in nearby active galaxies.

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Resolved UV-Optical HST Imaging and Spectral Energy Distribution Modeling of Nearby BAT Active Galactic Nuclei

We use high-resolution UV-to-optical imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to construct spatially resolved spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for seven nearby ($z<0.07$) hard (14--195$\,$keV) X-ray-selected broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) with $L_{\rm bol}=10^{43.26}-10^{45.34}\,\rm{erg\,s^{-1}}$. The high spatial resolution of HST, which physically resolves structures on the scale of $\sim$50$\,$pc at $z=0.05$, enables the separation of AGN and host-galaxy emission through morphological decomposition with GALFIT, yielding improved measurements of AGN properties compared to those obtained with lower-resolution Swift UV/Optical Telescope (UVOT) data. AGN UV magnitudes derived from HST imaging (e.g., F225W) can differ by more than a magnitude from those from Swift/UVOT UVM2 due to extended nuclear emission. Additionally, the inclusion of high-resolution data at longer wavelengths (e.g., F814W) can significantly affect the resulting SED fit. Comparing fits of accretion disk and extinction models using HST and Swift/UVOT data, we find significant differences in the resulting parameters, with average differences of 2.0$\,$eV in the maximum disk temperature and 2.2$\,$mag in the AGN host-galaxy extinction. These differences ultimately lead to significant changes in bolometric luminosities and X-ray bolometric corrections, with the HST-based fits yielding average increases of $\sim$0.57$\,$dex and $\sim$0.66$\,$dex respectively. This demonstrates host-galaxy contamination in unresolved UV--optical data can strongly bias SED-based estimates of disk temperatures, extinction, bolometric luminosities, and X-ray bolometric corrections in AGN. Large-area, high-resolution imaging surveys from Euclid and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will extend these techniques to much larger AGN samples, enabling uniform, high-precision SED measurements in the near-IR.

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Persistence of the Millihertz X-ray Quasi-Periodic Oscillation in the Active Galactic Nucleus 1ES 1927+654

1ES 1927+654 is an extreme active galactic nucleus (AGN) that has defied our canonical expectations for how AGN appear across the electromagnetic spectrum and how they vary on short timescales. In 2022, this source began showing a X-ray quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) at mHz frequencies, along with a newly launched radio jet. Unlike the handful of other known AGN QPOs, the QPO in 1ES 1927+654 showed a significant frequency evolution, spanning from 0.9-2.4 mHz from 2022-2024. In this work, we present the last 1.5 years of monitoring with XMM-Newton (250 ks) up to January 2026, which reveals that the QPO persists but has plateaued at a constant frequency of approximately 2.5 mHz. We perform detailed spectral-timing analyses on this exquisite dataset, consisting of over 900 QPO cycles, more than any AGN QPO to date. Our main findings are: (1) the stacked XMM-Newton power spectra shows no significant second harmonic, (2) a soft (reverberation-like) lag is observed at all frequencies and remains remarkably stable even as the QPO frequency evolved from 2022-2024, and (3) extreme X-ray jumps on the QPO period (up to ~80% baseline flux) persist to present day with a remarkably stable dip-rise-fall pattern. Finally, we also detect the first AGN QPO in NuSTAR observations, which is present from 2023 to 2026 at frequencies consistent with the XMM-Newton detections. While we explore models for eclipses and coupled disk-corona behavior to simultaneously explain the lags, dips, and QPO, these new observations strain such models.

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A XRISM Study of Highly Ionized Iron Emission Lines from the Low-Eddington-ratio AGN in NGC 7213

We present an analysis of XRISM and NuSTAR data obtained for the nearby low-Eddington active galactic nucleus NGC 7213. Our goal is to examine whether its He-like and H-like iron emission lines can be reproduced by photoionization or collisional ionization processes. Using the broad-band energy coverage of our data (2-60 keV), we first constrained the continuum shape. Then, we focused on the iron-K band in the Resolve spectrum. Gaussian fits to Fe XXV He$α$ and Fe XXVI Ly$α$ lines suggest that they may have different velocity widths: $v_σ=790^{+370}_{-240}$ km s$^{-1}$ for Fe XXV and $v_σ=2610^{+1700}_{-1580}$ km s$^{-1}$ for Fe XXVI. In this case, the He$α$ resonance line (w) and forbidden line (z) have similar intensities of $\approx0.5$-$0.6\times10^{-5}$ ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$, while the intercombination lines (x+y) are not significantly detected with upper limits of $\lesssim 0.2\times10^{-5}$ ph s$^{-1}$ cm$^{-2}$. Motivated by the possible difference in the line widths, we tested one- and two-zone photoionized and collisionally ionized models. Our results show that the additional ionized component is not significantly required, and the current data cannot uniquely determine whether photoionization or collisional ionization dominates. Moreover, if the Fe XXV He$α$ complex implies that the weak x+y lines are suppressed relative to the w and z lines, such a structure is difficult to reproduce with either ionization model adopted. Finally, by comparing NGC 7213 with M 81$^\ast$, accreting at a much lower Eddington ratio of $λ_{\rm Edd}\sim 10^{-5}$, we found a decrease in the density of the gas responsible for highly ionized iron emission, which may imply that the density decreases with decreasing $λ_{\rm Edd}$.

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JWST reveals the diversity of nuclear obscuring dust in nearby AGN: nuclear isolation of MIRI/MRS datacubes and continuum spectral fitting

We investigate the capabilities of the mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to advance our knowledge of AGN dust using the spectral fitting technique on an AGN collection of 21 nearby (z<0.05) AGN (7 type-1 and 14 type-2) observations obtained with the medium resolution spectroscopy (MRS) mode. This collection includes publicly available AGN and data from the collaboration of Galactic Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). We developed a tool named MRSPSFisol that decomposes MRS cubes into point-like and extended contributions. We found statistically good fits for 12 targets with current AGN dust models. The model that provides good fits (chi2/dof<2) for {these 12 targets} assumes a combination of clumpy and smooth distribution of dust in a flare-disk geometry where the dust grain size is a free parameter. Still, two and one AGN statistically prefer the disk+wind and the classical clumpy torus model, respectively. However, the currently available models fail to reproduce 40% of the targets, likely due to the extreme silicate features not well reproduced by the models and signatures of water-ice and aliphatic hydrocarbon absorption features in most targets. New models exploring, for instance, new chemistry, are needed to explain the complexity of AGN dust continuum emission observed by JWST.

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The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and outflow Survey (GATOS) XIII: Coupling Driven H2 Excitation in Seyferts

We utilize JWST/MIRI IFU observations from the Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) to investigate the diverse range of ionized outflow rates of obscured AGN with similar bolometric luminosity and explore potential associations with AGN feedback. We explore spatial correlations between ionized emission potentially associated with fast shocks ([Fe II]5.34μm) and the excitation of H2. We further constrain our investigation to the inner 400 pc (the nuclear and circumnuclear regions r < 200 pc), and estimate the excitation temperature and column density of H2 assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and using the S(1) to S(8) rotational H2 emission lines visible to JWST/MIRI spectroscopy. We report the molecular gas temperature of the deprojected 400 pc nuclear region to correlate with the ionized mass outflow rate. We also observe the stronger degree of spatial correlation between [Fe II]5.34um emission and H2 gas temperature. We observe regions of enhanced [Fe II]5.34μm / [Ar II]6.99μm spatially coincident with the ionization cones of objects with higher ionized outflow rate and [Fe II]5.34μm / [Ar II]6.99μm in the deprojected 400 pc nuclear region to scale positively with both ionized outflow rate and estimated molecular gas temperature. We do not observe the estimated jet cavity power within the central 400 pc to strongly correlate with the ionized mass outflow rate or molecular gas temperature of the nuclear region. We take the preceding observations to suggest a higher degree of interaction between AGN outflows and the circumnuclear disk.

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Causal Reconstruction of Sentiment Signals from Sparse News Data

Sentiment signals derived from sparse news are commonly used in financial analysis and technology monitoring, yet transforming raw article-level observations into reliable temporal series remains a largely unsolved engineering problem. Rather than treating this as a classification challenge, we propose to frame it as a causal signal reconstruction problem: given probabilistic sentiment outputs from a fixed classifier, recover a stable latent sentiment series that is robust to the structural pathologies of news data such as sparsity, redundancy, and classifier uncertainty. We present a modular three-stage pipeline that (i) aggregates article-level scores onto a regular temporal grid with uncertainty-aware and redundancy-aware weights, (ii) fills coverage gaps through strictly causal projection rules, and (iii) applies causal smoothing to reduce residual noise. Because ground-truth longitudinal sentiment labels are typically unavailable, we introduce a label-free evaluation framework based on signal stability diagnostics, information preservation lag proxies, and counterfactual tests for causality compliance and redundancy robustness. As a secondary external check, we evaluate the consistency of reconstructed signals against stock-price data for a multi-firm dataset of AI-related news titles (November 2024 to February 2026). The key empirical finding is a three-week lead lag pattern between reconstructed sentiment and price that persists across all tested pipeline configurations and aggregation regimes, a structural regularity more informative than any single correlation coefficient. Overall, the results support the view that stable, deployable sentiment indicators require careful reconstruction, not only better classifiers.

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UGC 2369S: a Kpc Scale Triple Merger Candidate Identified in a Nearby Luminous Infrared Galaxy

We present high spatial resolution ($\lesssim$1.0''), multi-wavelength observations of UGC 2369S, a nearby luminous infrared galaxy showing three distinct cores separated on kpc scales in near-infrared (NIR) imaging with significant X-ray emission. Utilizing optical/NIR adaptive optics (AO), radio, \chandra X-ray, as well as archival HST imaging, we perform a comprehensive study of AGN activity, obscuration, and host properties. As one of the clearest cases of a triple-nucleus merger at $\simeq$3 kpc separations, UGC 2369S is the first to be studied with high-resolution observations at multiple wavelength. We find that the northern core, having possibly the most massive black hole in the system ($\rm M_{BH}\simeq10^{8}\,M_{\odot}$) is consistent with a heavily obscured AGN. However, its high dust extinction ($\rm A_v>5$), hydrogen column density ($N_\mathrm{H}\gtrsim 10^{25}\,\rm cm^{-2}$) and non-detection of optical coronal lines and coronal X-ray emission leave the identification inconclusive. The other two cores show no evidence for black-hole activity and instead exhibit signatures of tidal disruption. From stellar mass surface density and stellar velocity dispersion maps, we infer that the strongly varying gravitational potential in this three-body system may have cannibalized the stellar bulge of the southwestern core, leaving a metal enriched remnant. An ongoing survey focusing on similar triple systems could help us understand how they evolve and help benchmark numerical simulations, providing insight into gravitational wave predictions and the formation of the most massive black holes.

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BASS. LI. Cool gas supply of HI-massive local Seyfert galaxies

We present neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) imaging observations of 22 HI-rich ($M_{\rm HI} \gtrsim 10^{9.7} M_\odot$), hard X-ray-selected local Seyferts to explore how cool gas is supplied to active galactic nuclei (AGN) hosts. The sample predominantly resides in group-like, gas-rich environments. About 80% (18/22) of the galaxies have HI-detected neighbors, 61% (11/18) of which clearly exhibit strong lopsidedness, one-sided gas tails, and/or gas structures connecting to nearby companion galaxies, suggesting gas exchange histories. We examine the HI size-mass relation and star formation properties of these HI-rich AGN hosts, finding no systematic deviations from known scaling relations. In most cases, our samples are the most massive systems within their respective groups, implying that our sample is more likely to acquire gas rather than lose it. Interestingly, galaxies with more extended HI disks show stronger AGN activity. Considering that extended HI is often associated with external processes, this finding suggests that environmentally accreted gas - through galaxy interactions and gas exchange with neighboring systems - may have played a role in supplying additional fuel to the AGNs in our sample. Notably, the HI extent-AGN activity correlation becomes even tighter for those AGN hosts whose neighboring galaxies are gas poor or lack HI, further supporting externally supplied gas as a fuel source.

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ASKAP J005512.2-255834: A Luminous, Long-Lived Radio Transient at z = 0.1 -- an Orphan Afterglow or an off-nuclear TDE from an IMBH?

We report the discovery of a slowly evolving, extragalactic radio transient, ASKAP J005512.2--255834 (hereafter ASKAP J0055-2558), identified using the Australian SKA Pathfinder in a search for orphan afterglows associated with archival gravitational wave events. Although discovered in this context, there is no evidence that the transient is associated with any known gravitational wave event. Nonetheless, this source exhibits a 20-fold increase in flux density over $<250$ days, and it remains in a declining, detectable state more than 1000 days after the initial detection. Follow-up observations from 0.3 to 9 GHz reveal an evolving spectrum consistent with synchrotron emission. ASKAP J0055-2558 is spatially coincident with a low-mass, star-forming galaxy at redshift $z = 0.116$ ($d_{\rm L}$= 543 Mpc), placing its peak radio luminosity at $νL_ν\sim 10^{39}\,\rm erg\,s^{-1}$. Analysis of its radio light curve, inferred blastwave velocity, energetics, host galaxy properties and the absence of counterparts at other wavelengths suggest that ASKAP J0055-2558 is most consistent with either the late-time phase of an orphan long gamma-ray burst afterglow or a tidal disruption event involving an intermediate-mass black hole spatially offset from the galaxy nucleus. The radio discovery of either of these phenomena is extremely rare, with only a few or no confirmed examples to date.

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