Influence of hydrophobic polyelectrolyte composition on pH-dependent solubilization of lipid bilayer membranes
Lipid bilayer membranes can be solubilized in the form of disks of approximately 10 nm in diameter by several types of hydrophobic polyelectrolytes (HPE). The disks are stabilized by wrapped HPE along the rims of the disks. We compare the solubilization behavior of anionic HPE with chain lengths in between 20 - 100 monomers, and with varying molecular composition. We find that (1) HPE as short as 20 monomers can readily solubilize lipid bilayer membranes; (2) spatial intermolecular arrangement of ionic and hydrophobic groups in HPE determine if solubilization occurs; (3) anionic HPEs may exhibit two distinct pH-dependent solubilization transitions: the first is encountered in the lower-pH regime upon increasing the pH, whereas the second emerges at higher pH when the pH is decreased; (4) a binomial composition distribution of hydrophobic and ionizable groups over the chains, compared to a fixed composition, does not lead to a measurably wider pH range where solubilization occurs for the transition at low pH. We link the solubilization behavior of one of the HPE's to pH-dependent partitioning between macroscopic oil and water phases. Finally, (5) we find that linear composition superposition of the hydrophobic groups in HPE quantitatively accounts for the composition dependence of the pH's where solubilization occurs. This result holds within a range of compositions and breaks down below a critical fraction of hydrophobic residues in a HPE chain. Throughout, we compare the observations to a recently developed model for ligand-mediated cooperative transitions. Our findings have potential impact on anti-cancer medicine and drug delivery applications.