Crustal Structure Imaging of Ghana from Single-Station Ambient Noise Autocorrelations and Earthquake Arrival Time Inversion
The crustal architecture of southern Ghana remains inadequately resolved despite its tectonic significance and resource potential. Existing geological and geophysical studies provide only broad constraints on crustal composition, lacking the resolution to accurately define sediment-basement interfaces or intra-crustal stratigraphy. To address these limitations, we employ single-station ambient noise autocorrelation (SSANA) on continuous waveform data from the Ghana Digital Seismic Network (GHDSN). We extract P-wave reflectivity responses using a processing sequence that involves data pre-processing, Phase Cross-Correlation (PCC) for robust noise correlation, and phase-weighted stacking (PWS) of the derived autocorrelograms. This procedure yields a two-way travel-time (TWT) function representing the zero-offset P-wave reflection response beneath each station, enabling high-resolution imaging of the stratified crustal column. To facilitate depth conversion, we develop an enhanced one-dimensional crustal velocity model for the region. Using a compiled dataset of local earthquake P- and S-wave arrival times from the GHDSN and an additional station in Cote d'Ivoire, we perform a joint inversion via a grid-search algorithm to derive a regional 1D velocity structure. Our results provide new constraints on the depth and configuration of the Paleozoic basement beneath the Voltaian Basin, demonstrating the efficacy of ambient noise autocorrelation for crustal imaging in sparsely instrumented regions. We also present an updated seismicity catalog, relocated using the new velocity model, and analyze the spatial clustering of seismicity in southern Ghana. This study highlights the utility of passive seismic methods for elucidating crustal structure and evaluating resources in intraplate West Africa and analogous Precambrian terrains.