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D. A. Howell

Publications and source records attributed to D. A. Howell.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

Late-time observations of the extraordinary Type II supernova iPTF14hls

We study iPTF14hls, a luminous and extraordinary long-lived Type II supernova, which lately has attracted much attention and disparate interpretation. We present new optical photometry that extends the light curves until more than 3 yr past discovery. We also obtained optical spectroscopy over this period, and furthermore present additional space-based observations using Swift and HST. After an almost constant luminosity for hundreds of days, the later light curve of iPTF14hls finally fades and then displays a dramatic drop after about 1000 d, but the supernova is still visible at the latest epochs presented. The spectra have finally turned nebular, and the very last optical spectrum likely displays signatures from the deep and dense interior of the explosion. The high-resolution HST image highlights the complex environment of the explosion in this low-luminosity galaxy. We provide a large number of additional late-time observations of iPTF14hls, which are (and will continue to be) used to assess the many different interpretations for this intriguing object. In particular, the very late (+1000 d) steep decline of the optical light curve, the lack of very strong X-ray emission, and the emergence of intermediate-width emission lines including of [S II] that likely originate from dense, processed material in the core of the supernova ejecta, are all key observational tests for existing and future models.

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A nearby superluminous supernova with a long pre-maximum 'plateau' and strong CII features

Super-luminous supernovae (SLSNe) are rare events defined as being significantly more luminous than normal terminal stellar explosions. The source of the extra powering needed to achieve such luminosities is still unclear. Discoveries in the local Universe (i.e. $z<0.1$) are scarce, but afford dense multi-wavelength observations. Additional low-redshift objects are therefore extremely valuable. We present early-time observations of the type I SLSN ASASSN-18km/SN~2018bsz. These data are used to characterise the event and compare to literature SLSNe and spectral models. Host galaxy properties are also analysed. Optical and near-IR photometry and spectroscopy were analysed. Early-time ATLAS photometry was used to constrain the rising light curve. We identified a number of spectral features in optical-wavelength spectra and tracked their time evolution. Finally, we used archival host galaxy photometry together with HII region spectra to constrain the host environment. ASASSN-18km/SN~2018bsz is found to be a type I SLSN in a galaxy at a redshift of 0.0267 (111 Mpc), making it the lowest-redshift event discovered to date. Strong CII lines are identified in the spectra. Spectral models produced by exploding a Wolf-Rayet progenitor and injecting a magnetar power source are shown to be qualitatively similar to ASASSN-18km/SN~2018bsz, contrary to most SLSNe-I that display weak/non-existent CII lines. ASASSN-18km/SN~2018bsz displays a long, slowly rising, red 'plateau' of $>$26 days, before a steeper, faster rise to maximum. The host has an absolute magnitude of --19.8 mag ($r$), a mass of M$_{*}$ = 1.5$^{+0.08}_{-0.33}$ $\times$10$^{9}$ M$_{\odot}$ , and a star formation rate of = 0.50$^{+2.22}_{-0.19}$ M$_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. A nearby HII region has an oxygen abundance (O3N2) of 8.31$\pm$0.01 dex.

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AT 2017be - a new member of the class of Intermediate-Luminosity Red Transients

We report the results of our spectrophotometric monitoring campaign for AT~2017be in NGC~2537. Its lightcurve reveals a fast rise to an optical maximum, followed by a plateau lasting about 30 days, and finally a fast decline. Its absolute peak magnitude ($M_{r}$ $\simeq$ $-$12 $\rm{mag}$) is fainter than that of core-collapse supernovae, and is consistent with those of supernova impostors and other Intermediate-Luminosity Optical Transients. The quasi-bolometric lightcurve peaks at $\sim$ 2 $\times$ 10$^{40}$ erg s$^{-1}$, and the late-time photometry allows us to constrain an ejected $^{56}$Ni mass of $\sim$ 8 $\times$ 10$^{-4}$\msun. The spectra of AT~2017be show minor evolution over the observational period, a relatively blue continuum showing at early phases, which becomes redder with time. A prominent H$α$ emission line always dominates over other Balmer lines. Weak Fe {\sc ii} features, Ca~{\sc ii} H$\&$K and the Ca {\sc ii} NIR triplet are also visible, while P-Cygni absorption troughs are found in a high resolution spectrum. In addition, the [Ca~{\sc ii}] $λ$7291,7324 doublet is visible in all spectra. This feature is typical of Intermediate-Luminosity Red Transients (ILRTs), similar to SN~2008S. The relatively shallow archival Spitzer data are not particularly constraining. On the other hand, a non-detection in deeper near-infrared HST images disfavours a massive Luminous Blue Variable eruption as the origin for AT~2017be. As has been suggested for other ILRTs, we propose that AT~2017be is a candidate for a weak electron-capture supernova explosion of a super-asymptotic giant branch star, still embedded in a thick dusty envelope.

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Oxygen and helium in stripped-envelope supernovae

We present an analysis of 507 spectra of 173 stripped-envelope (SE) supernovae (SNe) discovered by the untargeted Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and intermediate PTF (iPTF) surveys. Our sample contains 55 Type IIb SNe (SNe IIb), 45 Type Ib SNe (SNe Ib), 56 Type Ic SNe (SNe Ic), and 17 Type Ib/c SNe (SNe Ib/c). We compare the SE SN subtypes via measurements of the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEWs) and velocities of the He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$ and O I $\lambda7774$ absorption lines. Consistent with previous work, we find that SNe Ic show higher pEWs and velocities in O I $\lambda7774$ compared to SNe IIb and Ib. The pEWs of the He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$ lines are similar in SNe Ib and IIb after maximum light. The He I $λ\lambda5876, 7065$ velocities at maximum light are higher in SNe Ib compared to SNe IIb. We have identified an anticorrelation between the He I $\lambda7065$ pEW and O I $\lambda7774$ velocity among SNe IIb and Ib. This can be interpreted as a continuum in the amount of He present at the time of explosion. It has been suggested that SNe Ib and Ic have similar amounts of He, and that lower mixing could be responsible for hiding He in SNe Ic. However, our data contradict this mixing hypothesis. The observed difference in the expansion rate of the ejecta around maximum light of SNe Ic ($V_{\mathrm{m}}=\sqrt{2E_{\mathrm{k}}/M_{\mathrm{ej}}}\approx15,000$ km s$^{-1}$) and SNe Ib ($V_{\mathrm{m}}\approx9000$ km s$^{-1}$) would imply an average He mass difference of $\sim1.4$ $M_{\odot}$, if the other explosion parameters are assumed to be unchanged between the SE SN subtypes. We conclude that SNe Ic do not hide He but lose He due to envelope stripping.

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Nebular Spectroscopy of the `Blue Bump' Type Ia Supernova 2017cbv

We present nebular phase optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of the Type Ia supernova (SN) 2017cbv. The early light curves of SN~2017cbv showed a prominent blue bump in the $U$, $B$ and $g$ bands lasting for $\sim$5 d. One interpretation of the early light curve was that the excess blue light was due to shocking of the SN ejecta against a nondegenerate companion star -- a signature of the single degenerate scenario. If this is the correct interpretation, the interaction between the SN ejecta and the companion star could result in significant H$α$ (or helium) emission at late times, possibly along with other species, depending on the companion star and its orbital separation. A search for H$α$ emission in our +302 d spectrum yields a nondetection, with a $L_{Hα}$$<$8.0$\times$10$^{35}$ erg/s (given an assumed distance of $D$=12.3 Mpc), which we have verified by implanting simulated H$α$ emission into our data. We make a quantitative comparison to models of swept-up material stripped from a nondegenerate companion star, and limit the mass of hydrogen that might remain undetected to $M_{\rm H} < 1 \times 10^{-4}$ $\rm M_{\odot}$. A similar analysis of helium star related lines yields a $M_{\rm He} < 5 \times 10^{-4}$ $\rm M_{\odot}$. Taken at face value, these results argue against a nondegenerate H or He-rich companion in Roche lobe overflow as the progenitor of SN 2017cbv. Alternatively, there could be weaknesses in the envelope-stripping and radiative transfer models necessary to interpret the strong H and He flux limits.

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SN 2015ba: A type IIP supernova with a long plateau

We present optical photometry and spectroscopy from about a week after explosion to $\sim$272 d of an atypical Type IIP supernova, SN 2015ba, which exploded in the edge-on galaxy IC 1029. SN 2015ba is a luminous event with an absolute V-band magnitude of -17.1$\pm$0.2 mag at 50 d since explosion and has a long plateau lasting for $\sim$123 d. The distance to the SN is estimated to be 34.8$\pm$0.7 Mpc using the expanding photosphere and standard candle methods. High-velocity H-Balmer components constant with time are observed in the late-plateau phase spectra of SN 2015ba, which suggests a possible role of circumstellar interaction at these phases. Both hydrodynamical and analytical modelling suggest a massive progenitor of SN 2015ba with a pre-explosion mass of 24-26 M$_\odot$. However, the nebular spectra of SN 2015ba exhibit insignificant levels of oxygen, which is otherwise expected from a massive progenitor. This might be suggestive of the non-monotonical link between O-core masses and the zero-age main-sequence mass of pre-supernova stars and/or uncertainties in the mixing scenario in the ejecta of supernovae.

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Type II supernovae in low luminosity host galaxies

We present an analysis of a new sample of type II core-collapse supernovae (SNe II) occurring within low-luminosity galaxies, comparing these with a sample of events in brighter hosts. Our analysis is performed comparing SN II spectral and photometric parameters and estimating the influence of metallicity (inferred from host luminosity differences) on SN II transient properties. We measure the SN absolute magnitude at maximum, the light-curve plateau duration, the optically thick duration, and the plateau decline rate in the V-band, together with expansion velocities and pseudo-equivalent-widths (pEWs) of several absorption lines in the SN spectra. For the SN host galaxies, we estimate the absolute magnitude and the stellar mass, a proxy for the metallicity of the host galaxy. SNe II exploding in low luminosity galaxies display weaker pEWs of Fe II $\lambda5018$, confirming the theoretical prediction that metal lines in SN II spectra should correlate with metallicity. We also find that SNe II in low-luminosity hosts have generally slower declining light curves and display weaker absorption lines. We find no relationship between the plateau duration or the expansion velocities with SN environment, suggesting that the hydrogen envelope mass and the explosion energy are not correlated with the metallicity of the host galaxy. This result supports recent predictions that mass-loss for red supergiants is independent of metallicity.

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Early Observations of the Type Ia Supernova iPTF 16abc: A Case of Interaction with Nearby, Unbound Material and/or Strong Ejecta Mixing

Early observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide a unique probe of their progenitor systems and explosion physics. Here we report the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) discovery of an extraordinarily young SN Ia, iPTF 16abc. By fitting a power law to our early light curve, we infer that first light for the SN, that is when the SN could have first been detected by our survey, occurred only $0.15\pm_{0.07}^{0.15}$ days before our first detection. In the $\sim$24 hr after discovery, iPTF 16abc rose by $\sim$2 mag, featuring a near-linear rise in flux for $\gtrsim$3 days. Early spectra show strong C II absorption, which disappears after $\sim$7 days. Unlike the extensivelyobserved SN Ia SN 2011fe, the $(B-V)_0$ colors of iPTF 16abc are blue and nearly constant in the days after explosion. We show that our early observations of iPTF 16abc cannot be explained by either SN shock breakout and the associated, subsequent cooling or the SN ejecta colliding with a stellar companion. Instead, we argue that the early characteristics of iPTF 16abc, including (i) the rapid, near-linear rise, (ii) the nonevolving blue colors, and (iii) the strong C II absorption, are the result of either ejecta interaction with nearby, unbound material or vigorous mixing of radioactive $^{56}$Ni in the SN ejecta, or a combination of the two. In the next few years, dozens of very young \textit{normal} SNe Ia will be discovered, and observations similar to those presented here will constrain the white dwarf explosion mechanism.

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SN 2016coi/ASASSN-16fp: An example of residual helium in a type Ic supernova?

The optical observations of Ic-4 supernova (SN) 2016coi/ASASSN-16fp, from $\sim 2$ to $\sim450$ days after explosion, are presented along with analysis of its physical properties. The SN shows the broad lines associated with SNe Ic-3/4 but with a key difference. The early spectra display a strong absorption feature at $\sim 5400$ Å which is not seen in other SNe~Ic-3/4 at this epoch. This feature has been attributed to He I in the literature. Spectral modelling of the SN in the early photospheric phase suggests the presence of residual He in a C/O dominated shell. However, the behaviour of the He I lines are unusual when compared with He-rich SNe, showing relatively low velocities and weakening rather than strengthening over time. The SN is found to rise to peak $\sim 16$ d after core-collapse reaching a bolometric luminosity of Lp $\sim 3\times10^{42}$ \ergs. Spectral models, including the nebular epoch, show that the SN ejected $2.5-4$ \msun\ of material, with $\sim 1.5$ \msun\ below 5000 \kms, and with a kinetic energy of $(4.5-7)\times10^{51}$ erg. The explosion synthesised $\sim 0.14$ \msun\ of 56Ni. There are significant uncertainties in E(B-V)host and the distance however, which will affect Lp and MNi. SN 2016coi exploded in a host similar to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and away from star-forming regions. The properties of the SN and the host-galaxy suggest that the progenitor had $M_\mathrm{ZAMS}$ of $23-28$ \msun\ and was stripped almost entirely down to its C/O core at explosion.

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Correcting for peculiar velocities of Type Ia Supernovae in clusters of galaxies

Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. To perform such measurements the luminosity and cosmological redshift ($z$) of the SNe Ia have to be determined. The uncertainty on $z$ includes an unknown peculiar velocity, which can be very large for SNe Ia in the virialized cores of massive clusters. We determine which SNe Ia exploded in galaxy clusters. We then study how the correction for peculiar velocities of host galaxies inside the clusters improves the Hubble residuals. Using 145 SNe Ia from the Nearby Supernova Factory we found 11 candidates for membership in clusters. To estimate the redshift of a cluster we applied the bi-weight technique. Then, we use the galaxy cluster redshift instead of the host galaxy redshift to construct the Hubble diagram. For SNe Ia inside galaxy clusters the dispersion around the Hubble diagram when peculiar velocities are taken into account is smaller in comparison with a case without peculiar velocity correction, with a $wRMS=0.130\pm0.038$ mag instead of $wRMS=0.137\pm0.036$ mag. The significance of this improvement is 3.58 $σ$. If we remove the very nearby Virgo cluster member SN2006X ($z<0.01$) from the analysis, the significance decreases to 1.34 $σ$. The peculiar velocity correction is found to be highest for the SNe Ia hosted by blue spiral galaxies, with high local specific star formation rate and smaller stellar mass, seemingly counter to what might be expected given the heavy concentration of old, massive elliptical galaxies in clusters. As expected, the Hubble residuals of SNe Ia associated with massive galaxy clusters improve when the cluster redshift is taken as the cosmological redshift of the SN. This fact has to be taken into account in future cosmological analyses in order to achieve higher accuracy for cosmological redshift measurements. Here we provide an approach to do so.

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Using late-time optical and near-infrared spectra to constrain Type Ia supernova explosion properties

The late-time spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are powerful probes of the underlying physics of their explosions. We investigate the late-time optical and near-infrared spectra of seven SNe Ia obtained at the VLT with XShooter at $>$200 d after explosion. At these epochs, the inner Fe-rich ejecta can be studied. We use a line-fitting analysis to determine the relative line fluxes, velocity shifts, and line widths of prominent features contributing to the spectra ([Fe II], [Ni II], and [Co III]). By focussing on [Fe II] and [Ni II] emission lines in the ~7000-7500 Å region of the spectrum, we find that the ratio of stable [Ni II] to mainly radioactively-produced [Fe II] for most SNe Ia in the sample is consistent with Chandrasekhar-mass delayed-detonation explosion models, as well as sub-Chandrasekhar mass explosions that have metallicity values above solar. The mean measured Ni/Fe abundance of our sample is consistent with the solar value. The more highly ionised [Co III] emission lines are found to be more centrally located in the ejecta and have broader lines than the [Fe II] and [Ni II] features. Our analysis also strengthens previous results that SNe Ia with higher Si II velocities at maximum light preferentially display blueshifted [Fe II] 7155 Å lines at late times. Our combined results lead us to speculate that the majority of normal SN Ia explosions produce ejecta distributions that deviate significantly from spherical symmetry.

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SNhunt151: an explosive event inside a dense cocoon

SNhunt151 was initially classified as a supernova (SN) impostor (nonterminal outburst of a massive star). It exhibited a slow increase in luminosity, lasting about 450 d, followed by a major brightening that reaches M_V ~ -18 mag. No source is detected to M_V > -13 mag in archival images at the position of SNhunt151 before the slow rise. Low-to-mid-resolution optical spectra obtained during the pronounced brightening show very little evolution, being dominated at all times by multicomponent Balmer emission lines, a signature of interaction between the material ejected in the new outburst and the pre-existing circumstellar medium. We also analyzed mid-infrared images from the Spitzer Space Telescope, detecting a source at the transient position in 2014 and 2015. Overall, SNhunt151 is spectroscopically a Type IIn SN, somewhat similar to SN2009ip. However, there are also some differences, such as a slow pre-discovery rise, a relatively broad light-curve peak showing a longer rise time (~ 50 d) and a slower decline, along with a negligible change in the temperature around the peak (T < 10^4 K). We suggest that SNhunt151 is the result of an outburst, or a SN explosion, within a dense circumstellar nebula, similar to those embedding some luminous blue variables like Eta Carinae and originating from past mass-loss events.

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The ESO's VLT Type Ia supernova spectral set of the final two years of SNLS

We aim to present 70 spectra of 68 new high-redshift type Ia supernovae (SNeIa) measured at ESO's VLT during the final two years of operation (2006-2008) of the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS). We use the full five year SNLS VLT spectral set to investigate a possible spectral evolution of SNeIa populations with redshift and study spectral properties as a function of lightcurve fit parameters and the mass of the host-galaxy. Reduction and extraction are based on both IRAF standard tasks and our own reduction pipeline. Redshifts are estimated from host-galaxy lines whenever possible or alternatively from supernova features. We used the spectrophotometric SNIa model SALT2 combined with a set of galaxy templates that model the host-galaxy contamination to assess the type Ia nature of the candidates. We identify 68 new SNeIa with redshift ranging from z=0.207 to z=0.98 ( =0.62). Each spectrum is presented individually along with its best-fit SALT2 model. The five year dataset contains 209 spectra corresponding to 192 SNeIa identified at the VLT. We also publish the redshifts of other candidates (host galaxies or other transients) whose spectra were obtained at the same time as the spectra of live SNe Ia. Using the full VLT SNeIa sample, we build composite spectra around maximum light with cuts in color, lightcurve shape parameter ('stretch'), host-galaxy mass and redshift. We find that high-z SNeIa are bluer, brighter and have weaker intermediate mass element absorption lines than their low-z counterparts at a level consistent with what is expected from selection effects. We also find a flux excess in the range [3000-3400] A for SNeIa in low mass host-galaxies or with locally blue U-V colors, and suggest that the UV flux (or local color) may be used in future cosmological studies as a third standardization parameter in addition to stretch and color.

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SNe 2013K and 2013am: observed and physical properties of two slow, normal Type IIP events

We present one year of optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of the Type IIP SNe 2013K and 2013am. Both objects are affected by significant extinction, due to their location in dusty regions of their respective host galaxies, ESO 009-10 and NGC 3623 (M65). From the photospheric to nebular phases, these objects display spectra congruent with those of underluminous Type IIP SNe (i.e. the archetypal SNe 1997D or 2005cs), showing low photospheric velocities (~2 X 10**3 km/s at 50d) together with features arising from Ba II which are particularly prominent in faint SNe IIP. The peak V-band magnitudes of SN 2013K (-15.6 mag) and SN 2013am (-16.2 mag) are fainter than standard-luminosity Type IIP SNe. The ejected Nickel masses are 0.012+-0.010 and 0.015+-0.006 Msol for SN 2013K and SN 2013am, respectively. The physical properties of the progenitors at the time of explosion are derived through hydrodynamical modelling. Fitting the bolometric curves, the expansion velocity and the temperature evolution, we infer total ejected masses of 12 and 11.5 Msol, pre-SN radii of ~460 and ~360 Rsol, and explosion energies of 0.34 foe and 0.40 foe for SN 2013K and SN 2013am. Late time spectra are used to estimate the progenitor masses from the strength of nebular emission lines, which turn out to be consistent with red supergiant progenitors of ~15 Msol. For both SNe, a low-energy explosion of a moderate-mass red supergiant star is therefore the favoured scenario.

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On the nature of Hydrogen-rich Superluminous Supernovae

We present two hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae (SLSNe), namely SN2013hx and PS15br. These objects, together with SN2008es are the only SLSNe showing a distinct, broad Halpha feature during the photospheric phase and also do not show any sign of strong interaction between fast-moving ejecta and circumstellar shells in their early spectra. Despite PS15br peak luminosity is fainter than the other two objects, the spectrophotometric evolution is similar to SN2013hx and different than any other supernova in a similar luminosity space. We group all of them as SLSNe II and hence distinct from the known class of SLSN IIn. Both transients show a strong, multi-component Halpha emission after 200 days past maximum which we interpret as an indication of interaction of the ejecta with an asymmetric, clumpy circumstellar material. The spectra and photometric evolution of the two objects are similar to type II supernovae, although they have much higher luminosity and evolve on slower timescales. This is qualitatively similar to how SLSNe I compare with normal type Ic in that the former are brighter and evolve more slowly. We apply a magnetar and an interaction semi-analytical codes to fit the light curves of our two objects and SN2008es. The overall observational dataset would tend to favour the magnetar, or central engine, model as the source of the peak luminosity although the clear signature of late-time interaction indicates that interaction can play a role in the luminosity evolution of SLSNe II at some phases.

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The early detection and follow-up of the highly obscured Type II supernova 2016ija/DLT16am

We present our analysis of the Type II supernova DLT16am (SN~2016ija). The object was discovered during the ongoing $\rm{D}<40\,\rm{Mpc}$ (DLT40) one day cadence supernova search at $r\sim20.1\,\rm{mag}$ in the `edge-on' nearby ($D=20.0\pm1.9\,\rm{Mpc}$) galaxy NGC~1532. The subsequent prompt and high-cadenced spectroscopic and photometric follow-up revealed a highly extincted transient, with $E(B-V)=1.95\pm0.15\,\rm{mag}$, consistent with a standard extinction law with $R_V=3.1$ and a bright ($M_V=-18.49\pm0.65\,\rm{mag}$) absolute peak-magnitude. The comparison of the photometric features with those of large samples of Type II supernovae reveals a fast rise for the derived luminosity and a relatively short plateau phase, with a slope of $S_{50V}=0.84\pm0.04\,\rm{mag}/50\,\rm{d}$ consistent with the photometric properties typical of those of fast declining Type II supernovae. Despite the large uncertainties on the distance and the extinction in the direction of DLT16am, the measured photospheric expansion velocity and the derived absolute $V$-band magnitude at $\sim50\,\rm{d}$ after the explosion match the existing luminosity-velocity relation for Type II supernovae.

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Hydrogen-rich supernovae beyond the neutrino-driven core-collapse paradigm

We present our study of OGLE-2014-SN-073, one of the brightest Type II SN ever discovered, with an unusually broad lightcurve combined with high ejecta velocities. From our hydrodynamical modelling we infer a remarkable ejecta mass of $60^{+42}_{-16}$~M$_\odot$, and a relatively high explosion energy of $12.4^{+13.0}_{-5.9} \times10^{51}$~erg. We show that this object belongs, with a very small number of other hydrogen-rich SNe, to an energy regime that is not explained by standard core-collapse (CC) neutrino-driven explosions. We compare the quantities inferred by the hydrodynamical modelling with the expectations of various exploding scenarios, trying to explain the high energy and luminosity released. We find some qualitative similarities with pair-instabilities SNe, although a prompt injection of energy by a magnetar seems also a viable alternative to explain such extreme event.

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Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae With Late-time H-alpha Emission: Three Events From the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory

We present observations of two new hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSN-I), iPTF15esb and iPTF16bad, showing late-time H-alpha emission with line luminosities of (1-3)e+41 erg/s and velocity widths of (4000-6000) km/s. Including the previously published iPTF13ehe, this makes up a total of three such events to date. iPTF13ehe is one of the most luminous and the slowest evolving SLSNe-I, whereas the other two are less luminous and fast decliners. We interpret this as a result of the ejecta running into a neutral H-shell located at a radius of ~ 1.0e+16cm. This implies that violent mass loss must have occurred several decades before the supernova explosion. Such a short time interval suggests that eruptive mass loss could be common shortly prior to the death of a massive star as a SLSN. And more importantly, helium is unlikely to be completely stripped off the progenitor stars and could be present in the ejecta. It is a mystery why helium features are not detected, even though non-thermal energy sources, capable of ionizing He atoms, may exist as suggested by the O II absorption series in the early time spectra. At late times (+240d), our spectra appear to have intrinsically lower [O I]6300A luminosities than that of SN2015bn and SN2007bi, possibly an indication of smaller oxygen masses (<10-30Msun). The blue-shifted H-alpha emission relative to the hosts for all three events may be in tension with the binary star model proposed for iPTF13ehe. Finally, iPTF15esb has a peculiar light curve with three peaks separated from one another by ~ 22 days. The LC undulation is higher in bluer bands. One possible explanation is eject-CSM interaction.

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