arXiv subjects

D. Apai

Publications and source records attributed to D. Apai.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2026

Small-Body Science with the Nautilus Space Observatory: From Cislunar Space Resilience to Mapping the Kuiper-Belt-to-Oort-Cloud Transition

A new generation of space-based observatories can transform small-body science from the local Earth-Moon environment to the Solar System's dynamical frontier, where planetary control gives way to Galactic tides and stellar encounters. Mapping this frontier would reveal how planetesimals were scattered during giant-planet formation, how many primordial bodies survived in distant reservoirs, and whether large objects remain undiscovered in the inner Oort Cloud. At the same time, meter- to decameter-scale natural objects traversing the Earth-Moon system are frequent but poorly characterized. As human and robotic activity expands, their operational relevance depends not simply on abundance but on object size, encounter geometry, exposed infrastructure, warning time, and available response. Lunar impacts and impact-generated ejecta provide one class of events, while fading objects with unresolved Earth or lunar impact probabilities provide another. Here, we explore a two-layer small-body program combining a 4.0 m-diameter Nautilus Quattro Imaging (NQI) unit with an illustrative distributed cislunar layer of ~50 cm-class wide-field optical telescopes. The cislunar layer would characterize the nearby natural-object population, support rapid classification and selective custody of high-interest objects, and monitor lunar impacts and ejecta; the NQI deep-search layer would provide precise astrometry and synthetic tracking for faint-object recovery and distant-Solar-System surveys. Together, the two layers would constrain the small-impactor population, resolve fading planetary-defense targets, and survey the distant Solar System to Vmag ~30, enabling tests of the Kuiper-Belt-to-Oort-Cloud transition while advancing Earth-Moon space resilience.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2025

JWST imaging of omega Centauri: II. Evidence for a split white dwarf cooling sequence in the near-infrared

We present a detailed analysis of the white dwarf cooling sequence (WD CS) in omega Centauri based on combined Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and JWST observations. Our analysis confirms the previously reported split - based on HST observations in ultraviolet filters - in the upper part of the WD CS, consistent with the presence of two distinct WD populations, and extends it to a significantly fainter and cooler limit (down to ~8000 K), corresponding to cooling ages of about 1 Gyr. We used artificial star (AS) tests and cooling models to confirm that the split is evidence of two WD populations with different masses and progenitors: one sequence of canonical WDs produced by the He-normal progenitors, and one sequence of low-mass WDs originated from the cluster He-rich component. We show that the fraction of WDs from the He-rich component in the outer regions is smaller than that found in the innermost regions. We also studied the kinematics of WDs and showed that in the outer regions, the velocity distribution of WDs from He-rich progenitors is slightly radially anisotropic, while that of canonical WDs is slightly tangentially anisotropic. Both the radial variation of the fraction of WDs from the He-rich population and the difference between their velocity distribution and that of canonical WDs are consistent with spatial and kinematic differences previously found for He-rich and He-normal main-sequence (MS) stars and in general agreement with models predicting that He-rich stars form more centrally concentrated than He-normal stars.

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arXiv2025

JWST imaging of omega Centauri -- I. Luminosity and mass functions of its main sequence populations

This paper presents the first study of the most massive globular cluster (GC) in the Milky Way, omega Centauri, employing recently acquired JWST deep images. By combining these data with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, we derived proper motions (PMs) for a significant portion of the JWST field. Our analysis of the colour-magnitude diagram (CMD) reveals two prominent sequences extending from a magnitude F322W2 ~ 17.5 to the bottom of the main sequence (MS). These sequences correspond to the two main stellar populations of omega Centauri: the bMS (He-rich) and rMS (He-normal) populations. The two sequences intersect at the MS knee (F322W2 ~ 19.5) and change positions for lower magnitudes, with the bMS luminosity function (LF) ending at least ~0.5 magnitudes brighter than the rMS LF. We identified a third group of stars (named gMS) along the main sequence located between the two primary ones and conducted a detailed analysis of the LFs and MFs for these three stellar populations. The LFs of these sequences show similar trends, with the rMS being the most populated and the bMS the least. The MFs display distinct power-law slopes: the rMS is well fitted by a single power-law while the gMS and the bMS are characterised by MFs steeper than that of the rMS for masses larger than 0.2 solar masses and flatter MFs for smaller masses. The flattening around ~0.2 solar masses for the gMS and the bMS might be a real feature of the MFs of these populations or due to uncertainties in the adopted mass-luminosity relationship (MLR). The variation in the slope of the MFs of the gMS and bMS contributes to the steepening (flattening) of the combined MF for masses higher (lower) than 0.2 solar masses.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2025

JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters -- VI. The Lowest-Mass Objects in M 4 and the Galactic Bulge

We present `James Webb Space Telescope' observations of M4 -- the closest globular cluster -- that probe the lower Main Sequence down to the hydrogen-burning limit. The unveiled stellar sequence reaches much fainter luminosities than previously possible, revealing a few extremely red objects that are consistent with brown dwarfs as cool as T_eff~1000K. However, the lack of a second JWST epoch presently prevents us from verifying the cluster membership of these objects. By cross-matching our data with archival `Hubble Space Telescope' images, we are able to verify cluster membership for a subset of objects down to T_eff~3000K. The observed color distribution indicate that the lower Main Sequence of M4 is likely deficient in oxygen compared to its higher-mass post-Main Sequence members by ~0.5dex. This feature has now been observed in three different globular clusters (M4, NGC6397 and 47Tuc), suggesting a general trend. Finally, we derive the mass function of the Galactic bulge in the background of M4. The mass function was found to have the bottom-heavy slope of alpha=0.88+/-0.36 and appears to terminate at ~0.15 M_Sun, although the latter value may be overestimated due to the limited sample size.

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arXiv2025

JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters -- V. The White Dwarfs Cooling Sequence of M4

We combine infrared (IR) observations collected by the James Webb Space Telescope with optical deep images by the Hubble Space Telescope taken approximately 20 years earlier to compute proper-motion membership for the globular cluster (GC) M 4 (NGC 6121) along its entire white dwarf (WD) cooling sequence (CS). These new IR observations allow us, for only the second time in a GC, to compare WD models with observations over a wide range of wavelengths, constraining fundamental astrophysical properties of WDs. Furthermore, we investigate the presence of WDs with IR excess along the WD CS of M 4, similar to the recent study conducted on the GC NGC 6397. We also determine the age difference between M 4 and NGC 6397 by comparing the absolute F150W2 magnitudes of the luminosity function peak at the bottom of the observed WD CS, and find that M 4 is slightly younger, by 0.8+/-0.5 Gyr.

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arXiv2024

JWST imaging of the closest globular clusters -- IV. Chemistry, luminosity, and mass functions of the lowest-mass members in the NIRISS parallel fields

We present observations of the two closest globular clusters, NGC 6121 and NGC 6397, taken with the NIRISS detector of JWST. The combination of our new JWST data with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images allows us to compute proper motions, disentangle cluster members from field objects, and probe the main sequence (MS) of the clusters down to <0.1 $M_\odot$ as well as the brighter part of the white-dwarf sequence. We show that theoretical isochrones fall short in modeling the low-mass MS and discuss possible explanations for the observed discrepancies. Our analysis suggests that the lowest-mass members of both clusters are significantly more metal-rich and oxygen-poor than their higher-mass counterparts. It is unclear whether the difference is caused by a genuine mass-dependent chemical heterogeneity, low-temperature atmospheric processes altering the observed abundances, or systematic shortcomings in the models. We computed the present-day local luminosity and mass functions of the two clusters; our data reveal a strong flattening of the mass function indicative of a significant preferential loss of low-mass stars in agreement with previous dynamical models for these two clusters. We have made our NIRISS astro-photometric catalogs and stacked images publicly available to the community.

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arXiv2024

The HST Large Programme on Omega Centauri -- VII. The white dwarf cooling sequence

We present a study of the white dwarf (WD) cooling sequence (CS) in the globular cluster (GC) Omega Centauri, the primary goal of a dedicated Hubble Space Telescope (HST) programme. Our analysis has revealed that the peak at the termination of the WD CS is located at $m_{\rm F606W}$=30.1$\pm$0.2 (equivalent to $V$$\sim$31). The brighter part of Omega Centauri's WD CS is consistent with the presence of massive He-core WDs, in agreement with previous HST analyses with ultraviolet and blue filters. Comparative analyses of the WD luminosity function (LF) with theoretical counterparts have shown that a single-age population for the cluster is compatible with the data. However, an analysis of just the WD LF cannot entirely exclude the possibility of an age range, due to uncertainties in the present-day WD mass function, with a star formation history potentially spanning up to 5 billion years, predominantly comprising stars about 13 Gyr old, and with just a minority potentially as young as 8 Gyr. This underscores the need for global spectroscopic and photometric investigations that include simultaneously the WD populations together with the previous evolutionary phases to fully understand the cluster's diverse chemical compositions and ages.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2024

JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters -- I. Possible Infrared Excess Among White Dwarfs in NGC 6397

We present James Webb Space Telescope observations of the globular cluster NGC 6397 and use them to extend to infrared wavelengths the characterization of the cluster's entire white dwarf (WD) cooling sequence (CS). The data allows us to probe fundamental astrophysical WD properties and to search for evidence in their colors for (or against) the existence of ancient planetary systems. The existing archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging data obtained ~18 years ago reach ultra-deep optical magnitudes (V~31) and allow us to derive a near-perfect separation between field and cluster members. We detect an apparent split in the lower part of the WD CS of NGC 6397. The red part of the WD CS, containing about 25% of the total, exhibits significant IR-excess of up to Delta m_F322W2 ~ 0.5 mag. These infrared excesses require both theoretical and observational follow-ups to confirm their veracity and to ascertain their true nature.

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arXiv2024

JWST Imaging of the Closest Globular Clusters -- III. Multiple Populations along the low-mass Main Sequence stars of NGC 6397

Thanks to its exceptional near-infrared photometry, JWST can effectively contribute to the discovery, characterization, and understanding of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters, especially at low masses where the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) faces limitations. This paper continues the efforts of the JWST GO-1979 program in exploring the faintest members of the globular cluster NGC 6397. Here we show that the combination of HST and JWST data allows us to identify two groups of MS stars (MSa, the first-generation, and MSb, the second-generation group). We measured the ratio between the two groups and combined it with measurements from the literature focused on more central fields and more massive stars compared to our study. We find that the MSa and MSb stars are present in a $\approx$30-70 ratio regardless of the distance from the centre of the cluster and the mass of the stars used so far.

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arXiv2024

HST astrometry of the closest Brown Dwarfs -- II. Improved parameters and constraints on a third body

Located at less than 2pc away, Luhman16AB (WISE.J104915.57-531906.1) is the closest pair of brown dwarfs and third closest `stellar' system to Earth. An exoplanet candidate in the Luhman16 binary system was reported in 2017 based on a weak astrometric signature in the analysis of 12 HST epochs. An additional epoch collected in 2018 and re-analysis of the data with more advanced methods further increased the significance level of the candidate, consistent with a Neptune-mass exoplanet orbiting one of the Luhman16 brown dwarf components. We report the joint analysis of these previous data together with two new astrometric HST epochs we obtained to confirm or disprove this astrometric signature. Our new analysis rules out presence of a planet orbiting one component of the Luhman16AB system for masses M > 1.5 M_Nep (Neptune masses) and periods between 400 and 5000 days. However, the presence of third bodies with masses M < 3 M_Nep and periods between 2 and 400 days (~1.1yrs) can not be excluded. Our measurements make significant improvements to the characterization of this sub-stellar binary, including its mass-ratio 0.8305+/-0.0006, individual component masses 35.4+/-0.2 M_Jup and 29.4+/-0.2 M_Jup (Jupiter masses), and parallax distance 1.9960pc +/- 50AU. Comparison of the masses and luminosities of Luhman16AB to several evolutionary models shows persistent discrepancies in the ages of the two components, but strengthens the case that this system is a member of the 510+/-95 Myr Oceanus Moving Group.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

Prospects for the characterization of habitable planets

With thousands of exoplanets now identified, the characterization of habitable planets and the potential identification of inhabited ones is a major challenge for the coming decades. We review the current working definition of habitable planets, the upcoming observational prospects for their characterization and present an innovative approach to assess habitability and inhabitation. This integrated method couples for the first time the atmosphere and the interior modeling with the biological activity based on ecosystem modeling. We review here the first applications of the method to asses the likelihood and impact of methanogenesis for Enceladus, primitive Earth, and primitive Mars. Informed by these applications for solar system situations where habitability and inhabitation is questionned, we show how the method can be used to inform the design of future space observatories by considering habitability and inhabitation of Earth-like exoplanets around sun-like stars.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2023

A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096

Several planetary formation models have been proposed to explain the observed abundance and variety of compositions of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. In this context, multitransiting systems orbiting low-mass stars whose planets are close to the radius valley are benchmark systems, which help to elucidate which formation model dominates. We report the discovery, validation, and initial characterization of one such system, TOI-2096, composed of a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune hosted by a mid-type M dwarf located 48 pc away. We first characterized the host star by combining different methods. Then, we derived the planetary properties by modeling the photometric data from TESS and ground-based facilities. We used archival data, high-resolution imaging, and statistical validation to support our planetary interpretation. We found that TOI-2096 corresponds to a dwarf star of spectral type M4. It harbors a super-Earth (R$\sim1.2 R_{\oplus}$) and a mini-Neptune (R$\sim1.90 R_{\oplus}$) in likely slightly eccentric orbits with orbital periods of 3.12 d and 6.39 d, respectively. These orbital periods are close to the first-order 2:1 mean-motion resonance (MMR), which may lead to measurable transit timing variations (TTVs). We computed the expected TTVs amplitude for each planet and found that they might be measurable with high-precision photometry delivering mid-transit times with accuracies of $\lesssim$2 min. Moreover, measuring the planetary masses via radial velocities (RVs) is also possible. Lastly, we found that these planets are among the best in their class to conduct atmospheric studies using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The properties of this system make it a suitable candidate for further studies, particularly for mass determination using RVs and/or TTVs, decreasing the scarcity of systems that can be used to test planetary formation models around low-mass stars.

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arXiv2022

The HST large programme on NGC 6752 -- IV. The White Dwarf Sequence

We present our final study of the white dwarf cooling sequence (WD CS) in the globular cluster NGC 6752. The investigation is the main goal of a dedicated Hubble Space Telescope large Program, for which all the observations are now collected. The WD CS luminosity function (LF) is confirmed to peak at m_F606W = 29.3+/-0.1, consistent within uncertainties with what has been previously reported, and is now complete down to m_F606W~29.7. We have performed robust and conclusive comparisons with model predictions that show how the theoretical LF for hydrogen envelope WD models closely follow the shape of the empirical LF. The magnitude of the peak of the observed LF is matched with ages between 12.7 and 13.5 Gyr, consistent with the cluster age derived from the main sequence turn off and subgiant branch. We also find that the impact of multiple populations within the cluster on the WD LF for m_F606W below 27.3 is negligible, and that the presence of a small fraction of helium envelope objects is consistent with the data. Our analysis reveals a possible hint of an underestimate of the cooling timescales of models in the magnitude range 28.1 < m_F606W < 28.9. Finally, we find that hydrogen envelope models calculated with a new tabulation of electron conduction opacities in the transition between moderate and strong degeneracy provide WD ages that are too small in comparison to the Main Sequence turnoff age.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4V TOI-2406

Large sub-Neptunes are uncommon around the coolest stars in the Galaxy and are rarer still around those that are metal-poor. However, owing to the large planet-to-star radius ratio, these planets are highly suitable for atmospheric study via transmission spectroscopy in the infrared, such as with JWST. Here we report the discovery and validation of a sub-Neptune orbiting the thick-disk, mid-M dwarf star TOI-2406. We first infer properties of the host star by analysing the star's near-infrared spectrum, spectral energy distribution, and Gaia parallax. We use multi-band photometry to confirm that the transit event is on-target and achromatic, and we statistically validate the TESS signal as a transiting exoplanet. We then determine physical properties of the planet through global transit modelling of the TESS and ground-based time-series data. We determine the host to be a metal-poor M4V star, located at a distance of 56 pc, with a sub-solar metallicity $(\mathrm{[Fe/H] = -0.38 \pm 0.07})$, and a member of the thick disk. The planet is a relatively large sub-Neptune for the M-dwarf planet population, with $\mathrm{R_p = 2.94 \pm 0.17} \mathrm{R_\oplus}$ and $\mathrm{P = 3.077}$ d, producing transits of 2% depth. We note the orbit has a non-zero eccentricity to 3$\mathrm{\sigma}$, prompting questions about the dynamical history of the system. This system is an interesting outcome of planet formation and presents a benchmark for large-planet formation around metal-poor, low-mass stars. The system warrants further study, in particular radial velocity follow-up to determine the planet mass and constrain possible bound companions. Furthermore, TOI-2406 b is a good target for future atmospheric study through transmission spectroscopy, particularly in the category of warm sub-Neptunes.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

The HST large programme on omega Centauri -- IV. catalogue of two external fields

In the fourth paper of this series, we present -- and publicly release -- the state-of-the-art catalogue and atlases for the two remaining parallel fields observed with the Hubble Space Telescope for the large programme on omega Centauri. These two fields are located at ~12' from the centre of the globular cluster (in the West and South-West directions) and were imaged in filters from the ultraviolet to the infrared. Both fields were observed at two epochs separated by about 2 years that were used to derive proper motions and to compute membership probabilities.

astro-ph.SR↗

arXiv2021

Imaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of {\alpha} Centauri

Giant exoplanets on wide orbits have been directly imaged around young stars. If the thermal background in the mid-infrared can be mitigated, then exoplanets with lower masses can also be imaged. Here we present a ground-based mid-infrared observing approach that enables imaging low-mass temperate exoplanets around nearby stars, and in particular within the closest stellar system, Alpha Centauri. Based on 75-80% of the best quality images from 100 hours of cumulative observations, we demonstrate sensitivity to warm sub-Neptune-sized planets throughout much of the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A. This is an order of magnitude more sensitive than state-of-the-art exoplanet imaging mass detection limits. We also discuss a possible exoplanet or exozodiacal disk detection around Alpha Centauri A. However, an instrumental artifact of unknown origin cannot be ruled out. These results demonstrate the feasibility of imaging rocky habitable-zone exoplanets with current and upcoming telescopes.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2021

A High-Contrast Search for Variability in HR 8799bc with VLT-SPHERE

The planets HR8799bc display nearly identical colours and spectra as variable young exoplanet analogues such as VHS 1256-1257ABb and PSO J318.5-22, and are likely to be similarly variable. Here we present results from a 5-epoch SPHERE IRDIS broadband-$H$ search for variability in these two planets. HR 8799b aperture photometry and HR 8799bc negative simulated planet photometry share similar trends within uncertainties. Satellite spot lightcurves share the same trends as the planet lightcurves in the August 2018 epochs, but diverge in the October 2017 epochs. We consider $\Delta(mag)_{b} - \Delta(mag)_{c}$ to trace non-shared variations between the two planets, and rule out non-shared variability in $\Delta(mag)_{b} - \Delta(mag)_{c}$ to the 10-20$\%$ level over 4-5 hours. To quantify our sensitivity to variability, we simulate variable lightcurves by inserting and retrieving a suite of simulated planets at similar radii from the star as HR 8799bc, but offset in position angle. For HR 8799b, for periods $<$10 hours, we are sensitive to variability with amplitude $>5\%$. For HR 8799c, our sensitivity is limited to variability $>25\%$ for similar periods.

astro-ph.EP↗

arXiv2020

Rotational spectral modulation of cloudless atmospheres for L/T Brown Dwarfs and Extrasolar Giant Planets

The rotational spectral modulation (spectro-photometric variability) of brown dwarfs is usually interpreted as a sign of the presence of inhomogeneous cloud covers in the atmosphere. This paper aims at exploring the role of temperature fluctuations in these spectral modulations. These fluctuations could naturally arise in a convective atmosphere impacted by diabatic processes such as complex chemistry, i.e. the recently proposed mechanism to explain the L/T transition: CO/CH4 radiative convection. We use the 1D radiative/convective code ATMO with ad-hoc modifications of the temperature gradient to model the rotational spectral modulation of 2MASS 1821, 2MASS 0136, and PSO 318.5-22. Modeling the spectral bright-to-faint ratio of the modulation of 2MASS 1821, 2MASS 0136, and PSO 318.5-22 shows that most spectral characteristics can be reproduced by temperature variations alone. Furthermore, the approximately anti-correlated variability between different wavelengths can be easily interpreted as a change in the temperature gradient in the atmosphere which is the consequence we expect from CO/CH4 radiative convection to explain the L/T transition. The deviation from an exact anti-correlation could then be interpreted as a phase shift similar to the hot-spot shift a different bandpasses in the atmosphere of hot Jupiters. Our results suggest that the rotational spectral modulation from cloud-opacity and temperature variations are degenerate. The detection of direct cloud spectral signatures, e.g. the silicate absorption feature at 10 um, would help to confirm the presence of clouds and their contribution to spectral modulations. Future studies looking at the differences in the spectral modulation of objects with and without the silicate absorption feature may give us some insight on how to distinguish cloud-opacity fluctuations from temperature fluctuations.

astro-ph.SR↗