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D. Berghmans

Publications and source records attributed to D. Berghmans.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

Decay Length of Slow Magnetoacoustic Waves in the Solar Corona using SDO/AIA and SolO/EUI

Slow magnetoacoustic waves have been observed in the solar corona for decades; yet, existing theories do not fully explain the wide range of observed decay lengths, and measurements from different instruments frequently disagree. We present two events with simultaneous SDO/AIA and Solar Orbiter/EUI-HRIEUV observations of slow waves in sunspot-anchored coronal fan feathers. In Event 1, the LoS are separated by 16.2 degrees, while in Event 2, they are almost parallel. Using time-distance analysis, we identify waves with periods in the 3-minute band and quantify wave decay using the exponential folding length. When LoS are non-parallel, the ratio of decay lengths measured by the two instruments, $\lambda_\mathrm{ratio} = \lambda_{\mathrm{AIA}} / \lambda_{\mathrm{EUI}}$ varies widely, with both $\lambda_\mathrm{ratio} > 1$ and $\lambda_\mathrm{ratio} < 1$ observed. However, when the LoS are almost parallel, the decay lengths agree with one another, and $\lambda_\mathrm{ratio} \approx 1$. These results show that the angle between the LoS and the wave propagation direction is key to determining the apparent decay of slow waves, a factor that has not yet been systematically accounted for. Since statistical studies of decay lengths constrain coronal energy-loss mechanisms, observational effects beyond simple projection must be corrected to reliably infer the underlying physical dissipation processes.

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Fast and periodic propagating disturbances along coronal loops detected with EUI on board Solar Orbiter

Recent high-resolution observations from the Solar Orbiter mission can help detect the indirect signatures of heating at the smallest scales. In this work we measure the properties and investigate the physical origin of propagating disturbances (PDs) in the intensity at the smallest resolvable scales with Solar Orbiter/EUI along coronal loops. We used two sequences of EUI/HRIEUV at high spatial (down to 125 km per pixel) and temporal resolutions (5 s of cadence). We placed slits along 13 active region (AR) coronal loops. We measured the plane-of-sky (PoS) velocities and the intensity perturbation damping along the slits of PDs. We also measured the periodicity of PDs in one slit by using a Fourier analysis. We report the detection of PDs that have high PoS velocities ranging between 500 and 2000 km/s (which we call "fast" PDs). They are only visible in the upper part of the coronal loops. The intensity increase associated with these fast PDs is on the order of 4\% to 8\% of the HRIEUV intensity, and we measured little to no damping of their intensity with distance. We also measured a peak in the Fourier power spectra at 2 min above the 95\% confidence limit that is associated with fast PDs. The fast PDs are detected in the same coronal loops as PDs with a lower PoS velocity (70 to 90 kms/s), which we refer to as "slow" PDs. Unlike the fast PDs, these slow PDs are only visible in the lower part of the coronal loop, and they show clear intensity damping. Slow PDs show properties consistent with slow magneto-acoustic modes or upflows. On the other hand, fast PDs cannot be explained by slow magneto-acoustic modes. Instead, they show properties consistent with fast flows induced by magnetic reconnection, current sheet generated by propagating transverse oscillations, and fast magnetohydrodynamics modes or Alfv\'en waves.

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Observing the solar corona from a formation-flying mission. First results of Proba-3/ASPIICS

We report the first results from observations of the solar corona by the ASPIICS coronagraph aboard the Proba-3 mission. ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun) is a giant coronagraph consisting of the telescope mounted aboard one of the mission's spacecraft and the external occulter placed on the second spacecraft. The two spacecraft separated by around 144 m fly in a precise formation up to 5.5 hours at a time, which allows coronal observations in eclipse-like conditions, i.e. close to the limb (typically down to 1.099 Rs, occasionally down to 1.05 Rs) and with very low straylight. ASPIICS observes quasi-stationary structures, such as coronal loops, streamers, quiescent prominences, and a variety of dynamic phenomena: erupting prominences, coronal mass ejections, jets, slow solar wind outflows, coronal inflows. In particular, weak, widespread and persistent small-scale outflows and inflows between 1.3 and 3 Rs are observed at a high spatial (5.6 arcsec) and temporal (30 s) resolution for the first time, expanding the range of scales at which the variable slow solar wind is observed to form.

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Supergranulation and Poleward Migration of the Magnetic Field at High Latitudes of the Sun

Magnetoconvection at the solar surface governs the dynamics in the upper solar atmosphere and sustains the heliosphere. Properties of this fundamental process are poorly described near the solar poles. Here we report the first out-of-ecliptic remote-sensing observations of the south pole of the Sun from a high-latitude campaign of the Solar Orbiter spacecraft which reveal spatial and temporal evolution of supergranular convective cells. The supergranular cells have spatial scales of 20--40 Mm. From eight days of observations starting on 2025 March 16, our analysis shows that the magnetic network migrates poleward, on average, at high latitudes (above 60\textdegree), with speeds in the range of 10--20 m s$^{-1}$, depending on the structures being tracked. These results shed light on the buildup of the polar magnetic field that is central to our understanding of the solar cycle and the heliospheric magnetic field.

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The ASPIICS solar coronagraph aboard the Proba-3 formation flying mission. Scientific objectives and instrument design

We describe the scientific objectives and instrument design of the ASPIICS coronagraph launched aboard the Proba-3 mission of the European Space Agency (ESA) on 5 December 2024. Proba-3 consists of two spacecraft in a highly elliptical orbit around the Earth. One spacecraft carries the telescope, and the external occulter is mounted on the second spacecraft. The two spacecraft fly in a precise formation during 6 hours out of 19.63 hour orbit, together forming a giant solar coronagraph called ASPIICS (Association of Spacecraft for Polarimetric and Imaging Investigation of the Corona of the Sun). Very long distance between the external occulter and the telescope (around 144 m) represents an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to classical externally occulted solar coronagraphs. This allows us to observe the inner corona in eclipse-like conditions, i.e. close to the solar limb (down to 1.099 Rs) and with very low straylight. ASPIICS will provide a new perspective on the inner solar corona that will help solve several outstanding problems in solar physics, such as the origin of the slow solar wind and physical mechanism of coronal mass ejections.

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Thin coronal jets and plasmoid-mediated reconnection: Insights from Solar Orbiter observations and Bifrost simulations

Coronal jets are ubiquitous, collimated million-degree ejections that contribute to the energy and mass supply of the upper solar atmosphere and the solar wind. Solar Orbiter provides an unprecedented opportunity to observe fine-scale jets from a unique vantage point close to the Sun. We aim to uncover thin jets originating from Coronal Bright Points (CBPs) and investigate observable features of plasmoid-mediated reconnection. We analyze eleven datasets from the High Resolution Imager 174 \r{A} of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (HRIEUV) onboard Solar Orbiter, focusing on narrow jets from CBPs and signatures of magnetic reconnection within current sheets and outflow regions. To support the observations, we compare with CBP simulations performed with the Bifrost code. We have identified thin coronal jets originating from CBPs with widths ranging from 253 km to 706 km: scales that could not be resolved with previous EUV imaging instruments. Remarkably, these jets are 30-85% brighter than their surroundings and can extend up to 22 Mm while maintaining their narrow form. In one of the datasets, we directly identify plasmoid-mediated reconnection through the development within the current sheet of a small-scale plasmoid that reaches a size of 332 km and propagates at 40 km/s. In another dataset, we infer plasmoid signatures through the intermittent boomerang-like pattern that appears in the outflow region. Both direct and indirect plasmoid-mediated reconnection signatures are supported by comparisons with the synthetic HRIEUV emission from the simulations.

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Transverse waves observed in a fibril with the MiHI prototype

Context. Fine-scale structures of the solar chromosphere, particularly fibrils, are known to host various types of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves that can transport energy to the corona. In particular, absorption features observed in the H{\alpha} channel have been widely detected that exhibit transverse oscillations. Aims. We aimed to detect a high-frequency transverse oscillation in fibrils. Methods. We conducted a case study on a high-frequency transverse oscillation in a chromospheric fibril. A chromospheric fibril was observed on 24 August 2018, in the H{\alpha} spectral line, with the prototype Microlensed Hyperspectral Imager (MiHI) at the Swedish 1- meter Solar Telescope. The MiHI instrument is an integral field spectrograph capable of achieving ultra-high resolution simultaneously in the spatial, temporal, and spectral domains. Results. The detected oscillation characteristics include a period of 15 s and a displacement amplitude of 42 km. Using the bisector method, we derived Doppler velocities and determined that the polarisation of the oscillation was elliptical. Conclusions. The energy contained in the oscillation ranges from 390 to 2300 W/m2, which is not sufficient to balance radiative losses of the chromosphere.

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A magnetic avalanche as the central engine powering a solar flare

Solar flares are the most powerful, magnetically driven, explosions in the heliosphere. The nature of magnetic energy release in the solar corona that heats the plasma and accelerates particles in a flare, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we report high-resolution coronal observations of a flare by the Solar Orbiter mission that reveal initially weaker but rapid reconnection events, on timescales of a few seconds at most, leading to a more prominent activity of a similar nature that explosively causes a flare. Signatures of this process are further imprinted on the widespread raining plasma blobs with short lifetimes, giving rise to the characteristic ribbon-like emission pattern associated with the flare. Our observations unveil the central engine of a flare and emphasize the crucial role of an avalanche-like magnetic energy release mechanism at work.

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Coronal hole picoflare jets are progenitors of both fast and Alfv\'enic slow solar wind

Solar wind, classified by its bulk speed and the Alfv\'enic nature of its fluctuations, generates the heliosphere. The elusive physical processes responsible for the generation of the different types of this wind are a topic of active debate. Recent observations reveal intermittent jets, with kinetic energy in the picoflare range, emerging from dark areas of a polar coronal hole threaded by open magnetic field lines. These could substantially contribute to solar wind. However, their ubiquity and direct links to solar wind have not been established. Here, we report a unique set of remote-sensing and in situ observations from the Solar Orbiter spacecraft that establish a unified picture of fast and Alfv\'{e}nic slow wind, connected to the similar widespread picoflare jet activity in two coronal holes. Radial expansion of coronal holes ultimately regulates the speed of the emerging wind.

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Spatial distributions of EUV brightenings in the quiet-Sun

The identification of large numbers of localised transient EUV brightenings, with small spatial scales, in the quiet-Sun corona has been one of the key early results from Solar Orbiter. However, much is still unknown about these events. Here, we aim to better understand EUV brightenings by investigating their spatial distributions, specifically whether they occur co-spatial with specific line-of-sight magnetic field topologies in the photospheric network. EUV brightenings are detected using an automated algorithm applied to a high-cadence (3 s) dataset sampled over ~30 min on 8 March 2022 by the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager's 17.4 nm EUV High Resolution Imager. Data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory's Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager and Atmospheric Imaging Assembly are used to provide context about the line-of-sight magnetic field and for alignment purposes. We found a total of 5064 EUV brightenings within this dataset that are directly comparable to events reported previously in the literature. These events occurred within around 0.015-0.020 % of pixels for any given frame. We compared eight different thresholds to split the EUV brightenings into four different categories related to the line-of-sight magnetic field. Using our preferred threshold, we found that 627 EUV brightenings (12.4 %) occurred co-spatial with Strong Bipolar configurations and 967 EUV brightenings (19.1 %) occurred in Weak Field regions. Fewer than 10 % of EUV brightenings occurred co-spatial with Unipolar line-of-sight magnetic field no matter what threshold was used. Of the 627 Strong Bipolar EUV Brightenings, 54 were found to occur co-spatial with cancellation whilst 57 occurred co-spatial with emergence. EUV brightenings preferentially occur co-spatial with the strong line-of-sight magnetic field in the photospheric network. They do not, though, predominantly occur co-spatial with (cancelling) bi-poles.

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A multi-instrument study of ultraviolet bursts and associated surges in AR 12957

The relationship between UV Bursts and solar surges is complex, with these events sometimes being observed together and sometimes being observed independently. Why this sporadic association exists is unknown, however, it likely relates to the physical conditions at the site of the energy release that drives these events. Here, we aim to better understand the relationship between UV Bursts and solar surges through a multi-instrument analysis of several associated events that occurred around the trailing sunspot in AR 12957. We use data from Solar Orbiter, the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) to achieve our aims. These data were sampled on 3rd March 2022 between 09:30:30 UT and 11:00:00 UT, during which time a coordinated observing campaign associated with the Slow Solar Wind Connection Solar Orbiter Observing Plan took place. Numerous small-scale negative polarity magnetic magnetic features (MMFs) are observed to move quickly (potentially up to 3.3 km/s) away from a sunspot until they collide with a more stable positive polarity plage region around 7 Mm away. Several UV Bursts are identified in IRIS slit-jaw imager (SJI) 1400 {\AA} data co-spatial to where these opposite polarity fields interact, with spatial scales (2 Mm<) and lifetimes (20< min) larger than typical values for such events. Two surges are also observed to occur at these locations, with one being short (5 Mm) and hot (bright in IRIS SJI images), whilst the other is a cooler (dark in coronal imaging channels), longer surge that appears to fill an active region loop. Magnetic reconnection between the negative polarity MMFs around the sunspot and the positive polarity plage region appears to be the driver of these events. Both the speed of the MMFs and the locally open magnetic topology of the plage region could possibly be important for forming the surges.

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Observations of Fan-Spine Topology by Solar Orbiter/EUI: Rotational Motions and Indications of Alfv\'en Waves

Torsional Alfv\'en waves do not produce any intensity variation and are, therefore, challenging to observe with imaging instruments. Previously, Alfv\'en wave observations were reported throughout all the layers of the solar atmosphere using spectral imaging. We present an observation of a torsional Alfv\'en wave detected in an inverted y-shape structure observed with the HRIEUV telescope of the EUI instrument onboard Solar Orbiter in its 174 \r{A} channel. The feature consists of two footpoints connected through short loops and a spine with a length of 30 Mm originating from one of the footpoints. In the current work, we also make use of the simultaneous observations from two other instruments onboard Solar Orbiter. The first one is PHI that is used to derive the magnetic configuration of the observed feature. The second one is SPICE that provided observations of intensity maps in different lines including Ne VIII and C III lines. We also address the issues of the SPICE point spread function and its influence on the Doppler maps via performed forward modeling analysis. The difference movie shows clear signatures of propagating rotational motions in the spine. Doppler maps obtained with SPICE show strong signal in the spine region. Under the assumption that the recovered point spread function is mostly correct, synthesized raster images confirm that this signal is predominantly physical. We conclude that the presented observations are compatible with an interpretation of either propagating torsional Alfv\'en waves in a low coronal structure or untwisting of a flux rope. This is the first time we see signatures of propagating torsional motion in corona as observed by the three instruments onboard Solar Orbiter.

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Fleeting Small-scale Surface Magnetic Fields Build the Quiet-Sun Corona

Arch-like loop structures filled with million Kelvin hot plasma form the building blocks of the quiet-Sun corona. Both high-resolution observations and magnetoconvection simulations show the ubiquitous presence of magnetic fields on the solar surface on small spatial scales of $\sim$100\,km. However, the question of how exactly these quiet-Sun coronal loops originate from the photosphere and how the magnetic energy from the surface is channeled to heat the overlying atmosphere is a long-standing puzzle. Here we report high-resolution photospheric magnetic field and coronal data acquired during the second science perihelion of Solar Orbiter that reveal a highly dynamic magnetic landscape underlying the observed quiet-Sun corona. We found that coronal loops often connect to surface regions that harbor fleeting weaker, mixed-polarity magnetic field patches structured on small spatial scales, and that coronal disturbances could emerge from these areas. We suggest that weaker magnetic fields with fluxes as low as $10^{15}$\,Mx and/or those that evolve on timescales less than 5\,minutes, are crucial to understand the coronal structuring and dynamics.

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Coronal voids and their magnetic nature

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) observations of the quiet solar atmosphere reveal extended regions of weak emission compared to the ambient quiescent corona. The magnetic nature of these coronal features is not well understood. We study the magnetic properties of the weakly emitting extended regions, which we name coronal voids. In particular, we aim to understand whether these voids result from a reduced heat input into the corona or if they are associated with mainly unipolar and possibly open magnetic fields, similar to coronal holes. We defined the coronal voids via an intensity threshold of 75% of the mean quiet-Sun (QS) EUV intensity observed by the high-resolution EUV channel (HRIEUV) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on Solar Orbiter. The line-of-sight magnetograms of the same solar region recorded by the High Resolution Telescope of the Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager allowed us to compare the photospheric magnetic field beneath the coronal voids with that in other parts of the QS. The coronal voids studied here range in size from a few granules to a few supergranules and on average exhibit a reduced intensity of 67% of the mean value of the entire field of view. The magnetic flux density in the photosphere below the voids is 76% (or more) lower than in the surrounding QS. Specifically, the coronal voids show much weaker or no network structures. The detected flux imbalances fall in the range of imbalances found in QS areas of the same size. Conclusions. We conclude that coronal voids form because of locally reduced heating of the corona due to reduced magnetic flux density in the photosphere. This makes them a distinct class of (dark) structure, different from coronal holes.

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Picoflare jets power the solar wind emerging from a coronal hole on the Sun

Coronal holes are areas on the Sun with open magnetic field lines. They are a source region of the solar wind, but how the wind emerges from coronal holes is not known. We observed a coronal hole using the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. We identified jets on scales of a few hundred kilometers, which last 20 to 100 seconds and reach speeds of ~100 kilometers per second. The jets are powered by magnetic reconnection and have kinetic energy in the picoflare range. They are intermittent but widespread within the observed coronal hole. We suggest that such picoflare jets could produce enough high-temperature plasma to sustain the solar wind and that the wind emerges from coronal holes as a highly intermittent outflow at small scales.

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Beyond small-scale transients: a closer look at the diffuse quiet solar corona

Within the quiet Sun corona imaged at 1 MK, much of the field of view consists of diffuse emission that appears to lack the spatial structuring that is so evident in coronal loops or bright points. We seek to determine if these diffuse regions are categorically different in terms of their intensity fluctuations and spatial configuration from the more well-studied dynamic coronal features. We analyze a time series of observations from Solar Orbiter's High Resolution Imager in the Extreme Ultraviolet to quantify the characterization of the diffuse corona at high spatial and temporal resolutions. We then compare this to the dynamic features within the field of view, mainly a coronal bright point. We find that the diffuse corona lacks visible structuring, such as small embedded loops, and that this is persistent over the 25 min duration of the observation. The intensity fluctuations of the diffuse corona, which are within +/-5%, are significantly smaller in comparison to the coronal bright point. Yet, the total intensity observed in the diffuse corona is of the same order as the bright point. It seems inconsistent with our data that the diffuse corona is a composition of small loops or jets or that it is driven by discrete small heating events that follow a power-law-like distribution. We speculate that small-scale processes like MHD turbulence might be energizing the diffuse regions, but at this point we cannot offer a conclusive explanation for the nature of this feature.

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Initial radiometric calibration of the High-Resolution EUV Imager ($\textrm{HRI}_\textrm{EUV}$) of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument onboard Solar Orbiter

The $\textrm{HRI}_\textrm{EUV}$ telescope was calibrated on ground at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany's national metrology institute, using the Metrology Light Source (MLS) synchrotron in April 2017 during the calibration campaign of the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) instrument onboard the Solar Orbiter mission. We use the pre-flight end-to-end calibration and component-level (mirror multilayer coatings, filters, detector) characterization results to establish the beginning-of-life performance of the $\textrm{HRI}_\textrm{EUV}$ telescope which shall serve as a reference for radiometric analysis and monitoring of the telescope in-flight degradation. Calibration activities at component level and end-to-end calibration of the instrument were performed at PTB/MLS synchrotron light source (Berlin, Germany) and the SOLEIL synchrotron. Each component optical property is measured and compared to its semi-empirical model. This pre-flight characterization is used to estimate the parameters of the semi-empirical models. The end-to-end response is measured and validated by comparison with calibration measurements, as well as with its main design performance requirements. The telescope spectral response semi-empirical model is validated by the pre-flight end-to-end ground calibration of the instrument. It is found that $\textrm{HRI}_\textrm{EUV}$ is a highly efficient solar EUV telescope with a peak efficiency superior to 1 e$^-$.ph$^{-1}$), low detector noise ($\approx$ 3 e- rms), low dark current at operating temperature, and a pixel saturation above 120 ke- in low-gain or combined image mode. The ground calibration also confirms a well-modeled spectral selectivity and rejection, and low stray light. The EUI instrument achieves state-of-the-art performance in terms of signal-to-noise and image spatial resolution.

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A multiple spacecraft detection of the 2 April 2022 M-class flare and filament eruption during the first close Solar Orbiter perihelion

The Solar Orbiter mission completed its first remote-sensing observation windows in the spring of 2022. On 2/4/2022, an M-class flare followed by a filament eruption was seen both by the instruments on board the mission and from several observatories in Earth's orbit. The complexity of the observed features is compared with the predictions given by the standard flare model in 3D. We use the observations from a multi-view dataset, which includes EUV imaging to spectroscopy and magnetic field measurements. These data come from IRIS, SDO, Hinode, as well as several instruments on Solar Orbiter. Information given by SDO/HMI and Solar Orbiter PHI/HRT shows that a parasitic polarity emerging underneath the filament is responsible for bringing the flux rope to an unstable state. As the flux rope erupts, Hinode/EIS captures blue-shifted emission in the transition region and coronal lines in the northern leg of the flux rope prior to the flare peak. Solar Orbiter SPICE captures the whole region, complementing the Doppler diagnostics of the filament eruption. Analyses of the formation and evolution of a complex set of flare ribbons and loops show that the parasitic emerging bipole plays an important role in the evolution of the flaring region. While the analysed data are overall consistent with the standard flare model, the present particular magnetic configuration shows that surrounding magnetic activity such as nearby emergence needs to be taken into account to fully understand the processes at work. This filament eruption is the first to be covered from different angles by spectroscopic instruments, and provides an unprecedented diagnostic of the multi-thermal structures present before and during the flare. This dataset of an eruptive event showcases the capabilities of coordinated observations with the Solar Orbiter mission.

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