arXiv2026
This work introduces a biophysical formalism to describe the spatiotemporal evolution of the chemical profile in tissues, with the novelty of modeling tissue compartmentalization and the mechanism by which cells maintain the system far from thermodynamic equilibrium via production and/or degradation of substances. The models were derived from conservation laws, chemical kinetic theory, and geometric constraints, while considering fundamental properties of tissues to connect theoretical modeling with experimental observations. In a morphogenetic context, each morphogen is described by two coupled reaction-diffusion equations, representing intra- and extracellular dynamics, linked through membrane transport processes such as nonlinear, cross, and anomalous diffusion. We explore the models' morphogenetic potential through diffusion-driven instabilities and discuss how natural tissue heterogeneities influence Turing instabilities and self-organized phenomena. The mathematical structure reveals that two-morphogen systems can produce Turing patterns with multiple characteristic length scales, while the system's dimensionality enables chaotic behavior in well-mixed dynamics. Moreover, due to domain coupling, Turing instabilities are allowed for single-morphogen systems. We used Schnakenberg kinetics to demonstrate that Turing patterns arise even when the activator diffuses faster than the inhibitor (d$<$1), thereby expanding the parameter space for pattern formation. Our results suggest that tissue spatial structure has important consequences for Turing instability mechanisms, in some cases weakening the usual conditions for its emergence while widening the possible patterns it can produce. The proposed framework offers a minimal mathematical basis to explore emergent dynamics in biological and synthetic contexts, with potential applications in developmental biology and tissue engineering.