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D. Kilkenny

Publications and source records attributed to D. Kilkenny.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

The ongoing pursuit of R Coronae Borealis stars: ASAS-3 survey strikes again

R Coronae Borealis stars (RCBs) are rare, hydrogen-deficient, carbon-rich supergiant variable stars that are likely the evolved merger products of pairs of CO and He white dwarfs. Only 55 RCB stars are known in our galaxy and their distribution on the sky is weighted heavily by microlensing survey field positions. A less-biased wide-area survey would provide the ability to test competing evolutionary scenarios, understand the population or populations that produce RCBs and constraint their formation rate. The ASAS-3 survey monitored the sky south of declination +28 deg since 2000 to a limiting magnitude of V=14. We searched ASAS-3 for RCB variables using a number of different methods to ensure that the probability of RCB detection was as high as possible and to reduce selection biases based on luminosity, temperature, dust production activity and shell brightness. Candidates whose light curves were visually inspected were pre-selected based on their infrared excesses due to warm dust in their circumstellar shells using the WISE and/or 2MASS catalogues, and criteria on light curve variability. We then acquired spectra of 104 stars to determine their real nature using the SSO/WiFeS spectrograph. We report 21 newly-discovered RCB stars and 2 new DY Per stars. Two previously suspected RCB candidates were also spectroscopically confirmed. Our methods allowed us to extend our detection efficiency to fainter magnitudes that would not have been easily accessible to discovery techniques based only on light curve variability. The overall detection efficiency is about 90% for RCBs with maximum light brighter than V~13. This growing sample is of great value to constrain the peculiar and disparate atmosphere composition of RCBs. Most importantly, we show that the spatial distribution and apparent magnitudes of Galactic RCB stars is consistent with RCBs being part of the Galactic bulge population.

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EC 10246-2707: a new eclipsing sdB + M dwarf binary

We announce the discovery of a new eclipsing hot subdwarf B + M dwarf binary, EC 10246-2707, and present multi-colour photometric and spectroscopic observations of this system. Similar to other HW Vir-type binaries, the light curve shows both primary and secondary eclipses, along with a strong reflection effect from the M dwarf; no intrinsic light contribution is detected from the cool companion. The orbital period is 0.1185079936 +/- 0.0000000009 days, or about three hours. Analysis of our time-series spectroscopy reveals a velocity semi-amplitude of K_1 = 71.6 +/- 1.7 km/s for the sdB and best-fitting atmospheric parameters of Teff = 28900 +/- 500 K, log g = 5.64 +/- 0.06, and log[N(He)/N(H)] = -2.5 +/- 0.2. Although we cannot claim a unique solution from modeling the light curve, the best-fitting model has an sdB mass of 0.45 Msun and a cool companion mass of 0.12 Msun. These results are roughly consistent with a canonical-mass sdB and M dwarf separated by a ~ 0.84 Rsun. We find no evidence of pulsations in the light curve and limit the amplitude of rapid photometric oscillations to < 0.08%. Using 15 years of eclipse timings, we construct an O-C diagram but find no statistically significant period changes; we rule out |P-dot| > 7.2 x 10^(-12). If EC 10246-2707 evolves into a cataclysmic variable, its period should fall below the famous CV period gap.

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Empirical Determination of Convection Parameters in White Dwarfs I : Whole Earth Telescope Observations of EC14012-1446

We report on analysis of 308.3 hrs of high speed photometry targeting the pulsating DA white dwarf EC14012-1446. The data were acquired with the Whole Earth Telescope (WET) during the 2008 international observing run XCOV26. The Fourier transform of the light curve contains 19 independent frequencies and numerous combination frequencies. The dominant peaks are 1633.907, 1887.404, and 2504.897 microHz. Our analysis of the combination amplitudes reveals that the parent frequencies are consistent with modes of spherical degree l=1. The combination amplitudes also provide m identifications for the largest amplitude parent frequencies. Our seismology analysis, which includes 2004--2007 archival data, confirms these identifications, provides constraints on additional frequencies, and finds an average period spacing of 41 s. Building on this foundation, we present nonlinear fits to high signal-to-noise light curves from the SOAR 4.1m, McDonald 2.1m, and KPNO 2m telescopes. The fits indicate a time-averaged convective response timescale of 99.4 +/- 17 s, a temperature exponent 85 +/- 6.2 and an inclination angle of 32.9 +/- 3.2 degrees. We present our current empirical map of the convective response timescale across the DA instability strip.

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Helium abundances and the helium isotope anomaly of sdB stars

Helium abundances and atmospheric parameters have been determined from high resolution spectra for a new sample of 46 bright hot subdwarf B (sdB) stars. The helium abundances have been measured with high accuracy. We confirm the correlation of helium abundance with temperature and the existence of two distinct sequences in helium abundance found previously. We focused on isotopic shifts of helium lines and found helium-3 to be strongly enriched in 8 of our programme stars. Most of these stars cluster in a small temperature range between 27000 K and 31000 K very similar to the known helium-3-rich main sequence B stars, which cluster at somewhat lower temperatures. This phenomenon is most probably related to diffusion processes in the atmosphere, but poses a challenge to diffusion models.

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Starspots on the fastest rotators in the Beta Pic moving group

Aims: We carried out high-resolution spectroscopy and BV(I)_C photometric monitoring of the two fastest late-type rotators in the nearby Beta Pictoris moving group, HD199143 (F7V) and CD-641208 (K7V). The motivation for this work is to investigate the rotation periods and photospheric spot patterns of these very young stars, with a longer term view to probing the evolution of rotation and magnetic activity during the early phases of main-sequence evolution. We also aim to derive information on key physical parameters, such as rotational velocity and rotation period. Methods: We applied maximum entropy (ME) and Tikhonov regularizing (TR) criteria to derive the surface spot map distributions of the optical modulation observed in HD199143 (F7 V) and CD-641208 (K7V). We also used cross-correlation techniques to determine stellar parameters such as radial velocities and rotational velocities. Lomb-Scargle periodograms were used to obtain the rotational periods from differential magnitude time series. Results: We find periods and inclinations of 0.356 days and 21.5deg for HD199143, and 0.355 days and 50.1deg for CD-641208. The spot maps of HD199143 obtained from the ME and TR methods are very similar, although the latter gives a smoother distribution of the filling factor. Maps obtained at two different epochs three weeks apart show a remarkable increase in spot coverage amounting to ~7% of the surface of the photosphere over a time period of only ~20 days. The spot maps of CD-641208 from the two methods show good longitudinal agreement, whereas the latitude range of the spots is extended to cover the whole visible hemisphere in the TR map. The distributions obtained from the first light curve of HD199143 show the presence of an extended and asymmetric active longitude with the maximum filling factor at longitude ~325degree.

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The rapidly pulsating sdO star, SDSS J160043.6+074802.9

A spectroscopic analysis of SDSS J160043.6+074802.9, a binary system containing a pulsating subdwarf-O (sdO) star with a late-type companion, yields Teff = 70 000 +/- 5000 K and log g = 5.25 +/- 0.30, together with a most likely type of K3V for the secondary star. We compare our results with atmospheric parameters derived by Fontaine et al. (2008) and in the context of existing evolution models for sdO stars. New and more extensive photometry is also presented which recovers most, but not all, frequencies found in an earlier paper. It therefore seems probable that some pulsation modes have variable amplitudes. A non-adiabatic pulsation analysis of uniform metallicity sdO models show those having log g > 5.3 to be more likely to be unstable and capable of driving pulsation in the observed frequency range.

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V532 Oph is a New R Coronae Borealis Star

V532 Oph has been found to be a member of the rare, hydrogen-deficient R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars from new photometric and spectroscopic data reported in this paper. The lightcurve of V532 Oph shows the sudden, deep, irregularly spaced declines characteristic of RCB stars. Its optical spectrum is typical of a warm (T(eff)~7000 K) RCB star, showing weak or absent hydrogen lines, the C2 Swan bands, and no evidence for 13C. In addition, the star shows small pulsations typical of an RCB star and an infrared excess due to circum- stellar dust. It also appears to be significantly reddened by foreground dust. The distance to V532 Oph is estimated to be 5.5-8.7 kpc. These new data show that this star was misclassified as an eclipsing binary in the General Catalog of Variable Stars. The new data presented here for V532 Oph reveal the power of high-quality, high-cadence all-sky photometric surveys, such as ASAS-3, to identify new RCB candidates on the basis of lightcurve data alone, now that they have been collecting data for durations sufficiently long to reveal multiple declines. Despite their small numbers, RCB stars may be of great importance in understanding the late stages of stellar evolution. In particular, their measured isotopic abundances imply that many, if not most, RCB stars are produced by WD mergers, which may be the low-mass counterparts of the more massive mergers thought to produce type Ia supernovae. Therefore, establishing the population of RCB stars in the Galaxy will help constrain the frequency of these WD mergers.

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Whole Earth Telescope observations of the hot helium atmosphere pulsating white dwarf EC 20058-5234

We present the analysis of a total of 177h of high-quality optical time-series photometry of the helium atmosphere pulsating white dwarf (DBV) EC 20058-5234. The bulk of the observations (135h) were obtained during a WET campaign (XCOV15) in July 1997 that featured coordinated observing from 4 southern observatory sites over an 8-day period. The remaining data (42h) were obtained in June 2004 at Mt John Observatory in NZ over a one-week observing period. This work significantly extends the discovery observations of this low-amplitude (few percent) pulsator by increasing the number of detected frequencies from 8 to 18, and employs a simulation procedure to confirm the reality of these frequencies to a high level of significance (1 in 1000). The nature of the observed pulsation spectrum precludes identification of unique pulsation mode properties using any clearly discernable trends. However, we have used a global modelling procedure employing genetic algorithm techniques to identify the n, l values of 8 pulsation modes, and thereby obtain asteroseismic measurements of several model parameters, including the stellar mass (0.55 M_sun) and T_eff (~28200 K). These values are consistent with those derived from published spectral fitting: T_eff ~ 28400 K and log g ~ 7.86. We also present persuasive evidence from apparent rotational mode splitting for two of the modes that indicates this compact object is a relatively rapid rotator with a period of 2h. In direct analogy with the corresponding properties of the hydrogen (DAV) atmosphere pulsators, the stable low-amplitude pulsation behaviour of EC 20058 is entirely consistent with its inferred effective temperature, which indicates it is close to the blue edge of the DBV instability strip. (abridged)

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Follow-up observations of pulsating subdwarf B stars: Multisite campaigns on PG 1618+563B and PG 0048+091

We present follow-up observations of pulsating subdwarf B (sdB) stars as part of our efforts to resolve the pulsation spectra for use in asteroseismological analyses. This paper reports on multisite campaigns of the pulsating sdB stars PG 1618+563B and PG 0048+091. Data were obtained from observatories placed around the globe for coverage from all longitudes. For PG 1618+563B, our five-site campaign uncovered a dichotomy of pulsation states: Early during the campaign the amplitudes and phases (and perhaps frequencies) were quite variable while data obtained late in the campaign were able to fully resolve five stable pulsation frequencies. For PG 0048+091, our five-site campaign uncovered a plethora of frequencies with short pulsation lifetimes. We find them to have observed properties consistent with stochastically excited oscillations, an unexpected result for subdwarf B stars. We discuss our findings and their impact on subdwarf B asteroseismology.

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SDSS J160043.6+074802.9: a very rapid sdO pulsator

We report the serendipitous discovery of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey star, SDSS J160043.6+074802.9 to be a very rapid pulsator. The variation is dominated by a frequency near 8380 microHz (period = 119.33 s) with a large amplitude (0.04 mag) and its first harmonic at 16760 microHz (59.66 s; 0.005 mag). In between these frequencies, we find at least another 8 variations with periods between 62 and 118 seconds and amplitudes between about 0.007 and 0.003 mag; weaker oscillations might also be present. Preliminary spectrograms from the performance verification phase of the Southern African Large Telescope indicate that SDSS J160043.6+074802.9 is a spectroscopic binary consisting of an sdO star and a late-type main-sequence companion. This makes it the first unambiguous detection of such an sdO star to pulsate, and certainly the first found to exhibit multi-frequency variations.

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The rapidly oscillating Ap star HD 99563 and its distorted dipole pulsation mode

We undertook a time-series photometric multi-site campaign for the rapidly oscillating Ap star HD 99563 and also acquired mean light observations over two seasons. The pulsations of the star, that show flatter light maxima than minima, can be described with a frequency quintuplet centred on 1557.653 microHertz and some first harmonics of these. The amplitude of the pulsation is modulated with the rotation period of the star that we determine with 2.91179 +/- 0.00007 d from the analysis of the stellar pulsation spectrum and of the mean light data. We break the distorted oscillation mode up into its pure spherical harmonic components and find it is dominated by the l=1 pulsation, and also has a notable l=3 contribution, with weak l=0 and 2 components. The geometrical configuration of the star allows one to see both pulsation poles for about the same amount of time; HD 99563 is only the fourth roAp star for which both pulsation poles are seen and only the third where the distortion of the pulsation modes was modelled. We point out that HD 99563 is very similar to the well-studied roAp star HR 3831. Finally, we note that the visual companion of HD 99563 is located in the Delta Scuti instability strip and may thus show pulsation. We show that if the companion was physical, the roAp star would be a 2.03 solar mass object, seen at a rotational inclination of 44 degrees, which then predicts a magnetic obliquity of 86.4 degrees.

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Subdwarf B binaries in the Edinburgh-Cape Survey

We give an update of the results of a campaign to obtain orbital solutions of subdwarf B stars from the Edinburgh-Cape survey (Stobie et al. 1997). To date we have obtained blue spectra of 40 subdwarf B stars from the Edinburgh-Cape catalogue using the grating spectrograph at the 1.9m Radcliffe telescope at the South African Astronomical Observatory. We find that 17 out of these 40 are certain binaries with a few other objects showing radial velocity variations of small amplitude. The binary fraction found in our sample, after correcting for our binary detection efficiency, is 48%. We have secured the orbital parameters for 4 of the 17 systems and narrowed down the orbits of another 7 to a small range of periods.

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Subdwarf B Binaries from the Edinburgh--Cape Survey

We present the first results of a campaign to obtain orbital solutions of subdwarf B (sdB) stars from the Edinburgh-Cape survey. We have obtained blue spectra of 35 sdBs, 20 of which have been observed in more than two epochs. 15 out of the 35 are certain binaries with a few other objects showing radial velocity variations with small amplitude, possibly long period sdB binaries. We have secured the orbital parameters for 2 of the 15 systems and narrowed down the orbits of another one to a small range of periods. These preliminary results only use data taken up to December 2003.

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Meeting the Cool Neighbors VIII: A preliminary 20-parsec census from the NLTT catalogue

Continuing our census of late-type dwarfs in the Solar Neighbourhood, we present BVRI photometry and optical spectroscopy of 800 mid-type M dwarfs drawn from the NLTT proper motion catalogue. The targets are taken from both our own cross-referencing of the NLTT catalogue and the 2MASS Second Incremental release, and from the revised NLTT compiled by Salim & Gould (2003). All are identified as nearby-star candidates based on their location in the (m_r, (m_r-K_S)) diagram. Three hundred stars discussed here have previous astrometric, photometric or spectroscopic observations. We present new BVRI photometry for 101 stars, together with low resolution spectroscopy of a further 400 dwarfs. In total, we find that 241 stars are within 20 parsecs of the Sun, while a further 70 lie within 1-sigma of our distance limit. Combining the present results with previous analyses, we have quantitative observations for 1910 of the 1913 candidates in our NLTT nearby-star samples. Eight hundred and fifteen of those stars have distance estimates of 20 parsecs or less, including 312 additions to the local census. With our NLTT follow-up observations essentially complete, we have searched the literature for K and early-type M dwarfs within the sampling volume covered by the 2MASS Second Release. Comparing the resultant 20-parsec census against predicted numbers, derived from the 8-parsec luminosity function, shows an overall deficit of ~20% for stellar systems and ~35% for individual stars. Almost all are likely to be fainter than M_J=7, and at least half are probably companions of known nearby stars. Our results suggest that there are relatively few missing systems at the lowest luminosities, M_J > 8.5. We discuss possible means of identifying the missing stars.

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Meeting the Cool Neighbors VII: Spectroscopy of faint, red NLTT dwarfs

We present low-resolution optical spectroscopy and BVRI photometry of 453 candidate nearby stars drawn from the NLTT proper motion catalogue. The stars were selected based on optical/near-infrared colours, derived by combining the NLTT photographic data with photometry from the 2MASS Second Incremental Data Release. Based on the derived photometric and spectroscopic parallaxes, we identify 111 stars as lying within 20 parsecs of the Sun, including 9 stars with formal distance estimates of less than 10 parsecs. A further 53 stars have distance estimates within 1-sigma of our 20-parsec limit. Almost all of those stars are additions to the nearby star census. In total, our NLTT-based survey has so far identified 496 stars likely to be within 20 parsecs, of which 195 are additions to nearby-star catalogues. Most of the newly-identified nearby stars have spectral types between M4 and M8.

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The DA+dMe eclipsing binary EC13471-1258: its cup runneth over...just

EC13471-1258 is a detached eclipsing binary with Porb = 3h37m, comprising a DA white dwarf and a dMe dwarf. Total eclipses of the white dwarf lasting 14 min, and a large amplitude ellipsoidal variation are seen in the light curve. Flares from the dMe star occur regularly. Each star contributes roughly equal amounts of light at 5500 Ang. HST STIS spectra show strong Ly alpha with weak metal lines, and yield Teff = 14220 K, log g = 8.34, Z = 1/30th solar, K = 138 km/s and V sin i = 400 km/s for the white dwarf. Optical spectra yield the spectral type (M3.5-4.0), Teff = 3100 K, Z = solar, K = 266 km/s and V sin i = 140 km/s for the dMe star. The H alpha emission line comprises 2 or more components and implies that very weak mass transfer is occurring. The dynamical solution also implies that the dMe star just fills its Roche lobe. Accurate masses and radii for each star were derived: the dMe values favour the Clemens et al. (1998) mass-radius relation. The large rotational velocity of the white dwarf (400 km/s) suggests that the system has transferred mass in the past so that it is presently a hibernating cataclysmic variable. The metallicity contrast between the component stars provides an opportunity for tests of diffusion theory.

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IRAS 08544-4431 : a new post-AGB star in a binary system surrounded by a dusty disc

We present an analysis of our extensive data-set on IRAS 08544-4431. It is the first object we discuss of our newly defined sample of stars, selected for their position in the 'RV Tauri' box in the IRAS [12]-[25], [25]-[60] two-color diagram. Moreover, our selection criteria included an observed excess in the L-band, indicative of a dusty disc. The SED of IRAS 08544-4431 shows a broad IR excess starting already at H. Our optical photometric data reveal some evidence for deep and] shallow minima in the light curve and a pulsation time-scale of around 100 days with a small amplitude (peak-to-peak amplitude in V = 0.17 mag). Our CORALIE radial velocity measurements show that IRAS 08544-4431 is a binary system with a period of 499 +/- 3 days and a mass function of 0.02 M_sun. Moreover, IRAS 08544-4431 is detected in both the CO (2-1) and (1-0) mm-wave emission lines. The triangular shape of the weak CO profile confirms that part of the circumstellar material is not freely expanding but resides probably in a dusty circumbinary disc. Our chemical abundance analysis of a high resolution spectrum of high S/N reveals that a depletion process has modified the photospheric abundances to a moderate extent ([Zn/Fe]=+0.4). All these findings confirm that the F-type IRAS 08544-4431 is another good example of a binary Post-AGB star surrounded by a dusty disc. The H-alpha P-Cygni profile shows ongoing mass-loss with a very high outflow velocity, the origin of which is not understood. The strength and velocity of the H-alpha-absorption are modulated with the orbital motion; the maxima of both quantities (+/- 400 km/s, 5 Angstrom, respectively) occur at superior conjunction.

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New VI photometry of the sdOB binary AA Dor and an improved photometric model

New VI CCD photometry, obtained with integration times of 20s, of the sdOB+degenerate-dwarf eclipsing binary system AA Dor has provided new complete light curves with an rms scatter about a mean curve of +/-0.004 mag. These data are analysed with an improved Light2 light curve synthesis code to yield more accurate determinations of the radii of both stars, the orbital inclination, and the flux ratio between the two components. These radii are only a little different from the values derived 25 years ago from less complete data, but the uncertainties on these values are improved by a factor of two. The apparent discrepancy remains between the surface gravity of the sdOB primary star obtained from the light-curve solution with the published spectroscopic orbit and that obtained from NLTE analysis of high-resolution spectra of the sdOB star. The substantial reflection effect in the system is adequately represented by the Light2 code with a bolometric albedo of unity in light curves extending from 0.35 microns to 2.2 microns. However there are differences at individual wavelengths in the derived albedo, which may indicate redistribution of flux from shorter wavelengths into the V and I passbands.

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