arXiv subjects

D. Lemke

Publications and source records attributed to D. Lemke.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2001

Far-Infrared Emission from Intracluster Dust in Abell Clusters

The ISOPHOT instrument aboard ISO has been used to observe extended FIR emission of six Abell clusters. The raw profiles of the I_(120 um) / I_(180 um) surface brightness ratio including zodiacal light show a bump towards Abell 1656 (Coma), dips towards Abell 262 and Abell 2670, and are without clear structure towards Abell 400, Abell 496, and Abell 4038. After subtraction of the zodiacal light, the bump towards Abell 1656 is still present, while the dips towards Abell 262 and Abell 2670 are no longer noticable. This indicates a localized excess of emitting material outside the Galaxy towards Abell 1656, while the behavior in Abell 262 and Abell 2670 can be reconciled with galactic cirrus structures localized on the line-of-sight to these clusters. The excess towards Abell 1656 (Coma) is interpreted as thermal emission from intracluster dust distributed in the hot X-ray emitting intracluster medium. The absence of any signature for intracluster dust in five clusters and the rather low inferred dust mass in Abell 1656 indicates that intracluster dust is likely not responsible for the excess X-ray absorption seen in cooling flow clusters. These observations thereby represent a further unsuccessful attempt in detecting the presumed final stage of the cooling flow material, in accord with quite a number of previous studies in other wavelengths regions. Finally, the observed dimming of the high-redshift supernovae is unlikely be attributable to extinction caused by dust in the intracluster or even a presumed intercluster medium.

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arXiv2001

ISOPHOT - Photometric Calibration of Point Sources

All observations by the aperture photometer (PHT-P) and the far-infrared (FIR) camera section (PHT-C) of ISOPHOT included reference measurements against stable internal fine calibration sources (FCS) to correct for temporal drifts in detector responsivities. The FCSs were absolutely calibrated in-orbit against stars, asteroids and planets, covering wavelengths from 3.2 to 240 micron. We present the calibration concept for point sources within a flux-range from 60 mJy up to 4500 Jy for staring and raster observations in standard configurations and discuss the requisite measurements and the uncertainties involved. In this process we correct for instrumental effects like nonlinearities, signal transients, time variable dark current, misalignments and diffraction effects. A set of formulae is developed that describes the calibration from signal-level to flux densities. The scatter of 10 to 20 % of the individual data points around the derived calibration relations is a measure of the consistency and typical accuracy of the calibration. The reproducibility over longer periods of time is better than 10 %. The calibration tables and algorithms have been implemented in the final versions of the software for offline processing and interactive analysis.

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arXiv2001

Far-infrared and molecular line observations of Lynds 183 - studies of cold gas and dust

We have mapped the dark cloud L183 in the far-infrared at 100um and 200um with the ISOPHOT photometer aboard the ISO satellite. The observations make it possible for the first time to study the properties of the large dust grains in L183 without confusion from smaller grains. The observations show clear colour temperature variations which are likely to be caused by changes in the emission properties of the dust particles. In the cloud core the far-infrared colour temperature drops below 12K. The data allow a new determination of the cloud mass and the mass distribution. The mass within a radius of 10 arcmin from the cloud centre is 25 Msun. We have mapped the cloud in several molecular lines including DCO+(2-1) and H13CO+(1-0). These species are believed to be tracers of cold and dense molecular material and we detect a strong anticorrelation between the DCO+ emission and the dust colour temperatures. In particular, the DCO+(2-1) emission is not detected towards the maximum of the 100um emission where the colour temperature rises above 15K. The H13CO+ emission follows the DCO+ distribution but CO isotopes show strong emission even towards the 100um peak. A comparison of the DCO+ and C18O maps shows sharp variations in the relative intensities of the species. Morphologically the 200um dust emission traces the distribution of dense molecular material as seen e.g. in C18O lines. A comparison with dust column density shows that C18O is depleted by a factor of 1.5 in the cloud core. We present results of R- and B-band starcounts. The extinction is much better correlated with the 200um than with the 100um emission. Based on the 200um correlation at low extinction values we deduce a value of ~17mag for the visual extinction towards the cloud centre.

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arXiv2001

Infrared to millimetre photometry of ultra-luminous IR galaxies: new evidence favouring a 3-stage dust model

Infrared to millimetre spectral energy distributions have been obtained for 41 bright ultra-luminous infrared galaxies. The observations were carried out with ISOPHOT between 10 and 200 micron and supplemented for 16 sources with SCUBA at 450 and 850 micron and with SEST at 1.3 mm. In addition, seven sources were observed at 1.2 and 2.2 $μ$m with the 2.2 m telescope on Calar Alto. These new SEDs represent the most complete set of infrared photometric templates obtained so far on ULIRGs in the local universe.

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arXiv2001

Sky Confusion Noise in the Far-Infrared: Cirrus, Galaxies and the Cosmic Far-Infrared Background

We examined the sky confusion noise in 40 sky regions by analysing 175 far-infrared (90--200 $μ$m) maps obtained with ISOPHOT, the photometer on-board the Infrared Space Observatory. For cirrus fields with $\rm < \rm B > > 5$ MJysr$^{-1}$ the formula based on IRAS data (Helou & Beichman, \cite{Helou+Beichman_90}) predicts confusion noise values within a factor of 2 to our measurements. The dependence of the sky confusion noise on the surface brightness was determined for the wavelength range 90 $\le λ\le$ 200 $μ$m. We verified that the confusion noise scales as N ~ ^{1.5}, independent of the wavelength and confirmed N ~ lambda^{2.5}$ for lambda >= 100$um. The scaling of the noise value at different separations between target and reference positions was investigated for the first time, providing a practical formula. Since our results confirm the applicability of the Helou & Beichman (1990) formula, the cirrus confusion noise predictions made for future space missions with telescopes of a similar size can be trusted. At 90 and 170um a noise term with a Poissonian spatial distribution was detected in the faintest fields ( <= 3-5 MJysr^{-1}), which we interpret as fluctuations in the Cosmic Far-Infrared Background (CFIRB). Applying ratios of the fluctuation amplitude to the absolute level of 10% and 7% at 90 and 170um, respectively, as supported by model calculations, we achieved a new simultaneous determination of the fluctuation amplitudes and the surface brightness of the CFIRB. The fluctuation amplitudes are 7(+/-)2 mJy and 15(+/-)4 mJy at 90 and 170um, respectively. We obtained a CFIRB surface brightness of B(0)=0.8(+/-)0.2 MJysr^{-1} (nuI_nu=14(+/-)3nWm^-2sr^-1) at 170um and an upper limit of 1.1 MJysr^{-1} (nuI_nu=37 nWm^-2sr^-1) at 90um.

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arXiv2001

Far-infrared mapping of the starburst galaxy NGC 253 with ISOPHOT

A 180 micron map and strip maps at 120 and 180 microns were obtained for the edge-on starburst galaxy NGC 253 with ISOPHOT, the photometer on board the Infrared Space Observatory. We compare these observations with those obtained by IRAS at 60 micron and 100 micron and derive the far--infrared spectral energy distribution at different locations in the galaxy. There is evidence for the presence of cold dust (T < 20 K) both in the nucleus and in the disk. Extended emission dominated by cold dust is detected up to 15 arcmin (~ 10 kpc) along the major and minor axis; its spatial distribution is similar to that seen in the IRAS and ROSAT PSPC images. The emission along the minor axis is probably related to large-scale outflows of gas (superwinds) which originate in the nuclear starburst and maybe to star formation in the halo. The radial dependence of the dust temperature along the major axis is found using a radiative transfer code: we show that the dust scale length in the disk is ~ 40% larger than that of stars.

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arXiv2001

FIRBACK: III. Catalog, Source counts, and cosmological implications of the 170 micron ISO Deep survey

The FIRBACK (Far Infrared BACKground) survey is one of the deepest imaging surveys carried out at 170 microns with ISOPHOT onboard ISO, and is aimed at the study of the structure of the Cosmic Far Infrared Background. This paper provides the analysis of resolved sources. After a validated process of data reduction and calibration, we perform intensive simulations to optimize the source extraction, measure the confusion noise (sigma_c = 45 mJy), and give the photometric and astrometric accuracies. 196 galaxies with flux S > 3 sigma_c are detected in the area of 3.89 square degrees. Counts of sources with flux S > 4 sigma_c present a steep slope of 3.3 +/- 0.6 on a differential "logN-logS" plot between 180 and 500 mJy. As a consequence, the confusion level is high and will impact dramatically on future IR deep surveys. This strong evolution, compared with a slope of 2.5 from Euclidian geometry, is in line with models implying a strongly evolving Luminous Infrared Galaxy population. The resolved sources account for less than 10% of the Cosmic Infrared Background at 170 microns, which is expected to be resolved into sources in the 1 to 10 mJy range.

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arXiv2001

Dust emission from 3C radio galaxies and quasars: New ISO observations favour the unified scheme

In order to test the unified scheme for luminous radio galaxies and quasars we observed 10 galaxy/quasar pairs from the 3CR catalogue with ISOPHOT at infrared wavelengths between 5 and 180 micron. Each pair was selected such that both the 178 MHz luminosity and the redshift match as close as possible between the radio galaxy and the quasar in order to minimize effects of cosmic evolution. 13 of the 20 sources were detected in at least one waveband. 12 sources show clear evidence of a thermal bump at FIR wavelength, while in the remaining 7 sources the upper limits are still compatible with the presence of luminous dust emission. In agreement with the predictions of the unified scheme, the quasars and galaxies in our sample cannot be distinguished by their observed mid- and far-infrared properties. This is in contrast to the IRAS results which indicated that radio galaxies radiate significantly less mid- to far-infrared emission than quasars. However, the IRAS samples are dominated by low-redshift sources (z < 0.5), while our sample contains several of the most luminous radio galaxies at redshift z ~ 1. The latter have already been suspected to contain a hidden quasar for other reasons, e.g. an extended emission line region aligned with the radio axis. From the ratio between FIR luminosity emitted by dust and the radio power at 178 MHz, we conclude that the radio galaxy/quasar unification might be perfectly valid for the most luminous 3C sources at high redshift (z > 0.8). At lower redshifts (z < 0.5), however, some of the FRII radio galaxies contain active nuclei which emit less UV-optical continuum than the quasars of similar radio power. (abrigded)

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arXiv2000

The bright 175um knots of the Andromeda Galaxy

Discrete far-infrared (FIR) sources of M31 are identified in the ISO 175um map and characterized via their FIR colours, luminosities and masses. With a mean size of 800pc, they probably represent several clouds in chance projection or giant cloud complexes. The 175um data point provides crucial information in addition to the IRAS 60 and 100um data: At least two modified Planck curves with temperatures of about 40K and 15-21K are necessary to fit the SEDs of the knots. We distinguish between three types of knots - cold, medium, warm - in order to recognize trends. Comparisons with radio and optical tracers show that - statistically - the cold knots can be identified well with CO and HI radio sources and thus might represent mainly molecular cloud complexes. The warm knots coincide with known HII regions and supernova remnants. The medium knots might contain a balanced mixture of molecular clouds and HII regions. The cold knots have a considerable luminosity and their discovery raises the question of hidden star formation. Though the optically dark dust lanes in M31 generally match the FIR ring, surprisingly we do not find a convincing coincidence of our knots with individual dark clouds which might therefore show mainly foreground dust features. The ratio of FIR luminosity to dust mass, L/M, is used to measure the energy content of the dust. The knots have a clear L/M excess over the rest of M31, providing evidence that they are powered by star formation in addition to the interstellar radiation field. The L/M ratio of the warm knots is comparable to that of Galactic HII regions like M42 or NGC2024, while that of the cold knots still reaches values like in the average Orion complex. Thus both the warm and the cold knots are interpreted as containing large cloud complexes with considerable ongoing star formation.

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arXiv2000

The European Large Area ISO Survey III: 90micron extragalactic source counts

We present results and source counts at 90micron extracted from the Preliminary Analysis of the European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS). The survey covered about 11.6 square degrees of the sky in four main areas and was carried out with the PHOT instrument onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). The survey is at least an order of magnitude deeper than the IRAS 100micron survey and is expected to provide constraints on the formation and evolution of galaxies. The majority of the detected sources are associated with galaxies on optical images. In some cases the optical associations are interacting pairs or small groups of galaxies suggesting the sample may include a significant fraction of luminous infrared galaxies. The source counts extracted from a reliable subset of the detected sources are in agreement with strongly evolving models of the starburst galaxy population.

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arXiv2000

Cirrus spectra of low surface brightness regions

We have studied the galactic cirrus in low surface brightness regions using ISOPHOT raster maps at 90, 150 and 180um. Observations are used to determine dust emission spectra and dust temperatures. The data extend to longer wavelengths than IRAS observation. Compared with DIRBE data the resolution and the sensitivity are better and this makes it possible to study faint cirrus emission in individual fields. We will discuss the calibration of the observations and present results of a comparison between ISOPHOT and DIRBE surface brightness values. The correspondence was found to be better than 30%. At 90um the ISOPHOT surface brightnesses tend to be slightly higher than the DIRBE values while at longer wavelength the situation is reversed. Surface brightness variations caused by cirrus fluctuations make it possible to determine the spectrum of the dust emission. Cirrus spectra were obtained for six fields with surface brightnesses in the range 1-2 MJy/sr after the Zodiacal light and the contribution of extragalactic sources have been subtracted. Assuming f^2 emissivity law the dust temperatures are in the range 18-20 K. Temperature variations can be seen even within individual fields. These values are higher than values from DIRBE but this can be explained by differences in the calibration.

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arXiv2000

ISOPHOT CIRB project: FIR source counts at 90, 150 and 180 um

Far-infrared maps obtained with ISOPHOT have been searched for point-like sources. The majority of the 55 sources is believed to be extragalactic and in most cases no previously known sources can be associated with them. Based on the far-infrared spectral energy distributions it is likely that dust-enshrouded, distant galaxies form a significant fraction of the sources. We estimate the number densities of extragalactic sources at 90, 150 and 180 um wavelengths and at flux density levels down to 100 mJy. The counts are compared with models of galaxy evolution. The counts exceed the predictions of current models, even those with strong evolution, and no-evolution models are rejected at a high confidence level. Comparison with recent results from COBE mission indicates that at 90 um the detected sources correspond to over 20% of the extragalactic background light. At longer wavelengths the corresponding fraction is 10%.

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arXiv2000

Far infrared extragalactic background radiation: I. Source counts with ISOPHOT

As a part of the ISOPHOT CIRB (Cosmic Infrared Background Radiation) project we have searched for point-like sources in eight fields mapped at two or three wavelengths between 90 and 180um. Most sources are previously unknown and based on the far-infrared (FIR) spectral energy distributions dust-enshrouded, distant galaxies form a significant fraction of the sources. We present a list of the new extragalactic FIR-sources and discuss the uncertainties of the source detection from the ISOPHOT maps. We estimate the source number densities at 90, 150 and 180um and at flux density levels down to 100mJy to be 10^5, 2 10^5, and 3 10^5 1/sr, respectively. Strong galaxy evolution models are in best agreement with our results, although the number of detections exceeds most model predictions. No-evolution models can be rejected at a high confidence level. Comparison with COBE results indicates that at 90um the detected sources correspond to some 20% of the extragalactic background light. At longer wavelengths the corresponding fraction is closer to 10%.

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arXiv2000

Deep far infrared ISOPHOT survey in "Selected Area 57", I. Observations and source counts

We present here the results of a deep survey in a 0.4 sq.deg. blank field in Selected Area 57 conducted with the ISOPHOT instrument aboard ESAs Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) at both 60 um and 90 um. The resulting sky maps have a spatial resolution of 15 x 23 sq.arcsec. per pixel which is much higher than the 90 x 90 sq.arcsec. pixels of the IRAS All Sky Survey. We describe the main instrumental effects encountered in our data, outline our data reduction and analysis scheme and present astrometry and photometry of the detected point sources. With a formal signal to noise ratio of 6.75 we have source detection limits of 90 mJy at 60 um and 50 mJy at 90 um. To these limits we find cumulated number densities of 5+-3.5 per sq.deg. at 60 um and 14.8+-5.0 per sq.deg.at 90 um. These number densities of sources are found to be lower than previously reported results from ISO but the data do not allow us to discriminate between no-evolution scenarios and various evolutionary models.

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arXiv2000

The European Large Area ISO Survey II: mid-infrared extragalactic source counts

We present preliminary source counts at 6.7um and 15um from the Preliminary Analysis of the European Large Area ISO survey, with limiting flux densities of \~2mJy at 15um & ~1mJy at 6.7um. We separate the stellar contribution from the extragalactic using identifications with APM sources made with the likelihood ratio technique. We quantify the completeness & reliability of our source extraction using (a) repeated observations over small areas, (b) cross-IDs with stars of known spectral type, (c) detections of the PSF wings around bright sources, (d) comparison with independent algorithms. Flux calibration at 15um was performed using stellar IDs; the calibration does not agree with the pre-flight estimates, probably due to effects of detector hysteresis and photometric aperture correction. The 6.7um extragalactic counts are broadly reproduced in the Pearson & Rowan-Robinson model, but the Franceschini et al. (1997) model underpredicts the observed source density by ~0.5-1 dex, though the photometry at 6.7um is still preliminary. At 15um the extragalactic counts are in excellent agreement with the predictions of the Pearson & Rowan-Robinson (1996), Franceschini et al. (1994), Guiderdoni et al. (1997) and the evolving models of Xu et al. (1998), over 7 orders of magnitude in 15um flux density. The counts agree with other estimates from the ISOCAM instrument at overlapping flux densities (Elbaz et al. 1999), provided a consistent flux calibration is used. Luminosity evolution at a rate of (1+z)^3, incorporating mid-IR spectral features, provides a better fit to the 15um differential counts than (1+z)^4 density evolution. No-evolution models are excluded, and implying that below around 10mJy at 15um the source counts become dominated by an evolving cosmological population of dust-shrouded starbursts and/or active galaxies.

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arXiv2000

FIRBACK Source Counts and Cosmological Implications

FIRBACK is a one of the deepest surveys performed at 170 microns with ISOPHOT onboard ISO, and is aimed at the study of cosmic far infrared background sources. About 300 galaxies are detected in an area of four square degrees, and source counts present a strong slope of 2.2 on an integral "logN-logS" plot, which cannot be due to cosmological evolution if no K-correction is present. The resolved sources account for less than 10% of the Cosmic Infrared Background at 170 microns. In order to understand the nature of the sources contributing to the CIB, and to explain deep source counts at other wavelengths, we have developed a phenomenological model, which constrains in a simple way the luminosity function evolution with redshift, and fits all the existing deep source counts from the mid-infrared to the submillimetre range. Images, materials and papers available on the FIRBACK web: http://wwwfirback.ias.u-psud.fr wwwfirback.ias.u-psud.fr

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arXiv2000

The extragalactic background and its fluctuations in the far-infrared wavelengths

A Cosmic Far-InfraRed Background (CFIRB) has long been predicted that would traces the intial phases of galaxy formation. It has been first detected by Puget et al.(1996) using COBE data and has been later confirmed by several recent studies (Fixsen et al. 1998, Hauser et al. 1998, Lagache et al. 1999). We will present a new determination of the CFIRB that uses for the first time, in addition to COBE data, two independent gas tracers: the HI survey of Leiden/Dwingeloo (hartmann, 1998) and the WHAM H$_α$ survey (Reynolds et al 1998). We will see that the CFIRB above 100 micron is now very well constrained. The next step is to see if we can detect its fluctuations. To search for the CFIRB fluctuations, we have used the FIRBACK observations. FIRBACK is a deep cosmological survey conducted at 170 micron with ISOPHOT (Dole et al., 2000). We show that the emission of unresolved extra-galactic sources clearly dominates, at arcminute scales, the background fluctuations in the lowest galactic emission regions. This is the first detection of the CFIRB fluctuations.

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arXiv1999

The 10-200 micron spectral energy distribution of the prototype Narrow-Line X-ray galaxy NGC 7582

We present the spectral energy distribution (SED) between 10 and 200 micron obtained for the prototype Narrow-Line X-Ray Galaxy NGC 7582 with ISOPHOT, the photometer on board the Infrared Space Observatory. The emission is spatially extended and we separated for the first time the nuclear and extranuclear infrared SEDs. The nuclear luminosity is dominated by cold (T ~ 32 K) dust emission mainly due to star formation activity; warm (T ~ 122 K) dust emission is also present and is probably related to the active nucleus. In addition to a cold component of 30 K, the extranuclear SED shows emission by colder (T ~ 17 K) dust: this very cold component comprises 90% of the total dust mass of 10**8 Msun.

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