Advances in photocathode development for PICOSEC Micromegas precise-timing detectors
The PICOSEC Micromegas detector is a~precise-timing gaseous detector that combines a Cherenkov radiator, a~semi-transparent photocathode and a Micromegas amplification stage, targeting time resolutions of tens of picoseconds for minimum ionising particles (MIPs). Initial single-pad prototypes achieved time resolutions of $σ<25$ ps, demonstrating strong potential for High Energy Physics (HEP) applications and beyond. The objective of this paper is a comprehensive characterisation of photocathodes, with a strong focus on robust materials while preserving excellent timing performance. The study includes laboratory measurements of optical and resistive properties, along with beam tests using 150 GeV/$c$ muons to evaluate the time resolution and photoelectron yield for various photocathodes. The best performance was obtained by a 5 nm Cesium Iodide (CsI) photocathode, reaching $σ= 10.9 \pm 0.3$ ps with more than 30 extracted photoelectrons, representing the most precise time resolution achieved by PICOSEC Micromegas to date. Metallic and carbon-based photocathodes, including Titanium (Ti), Boron Carbide (B$_4$C) and Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), were also tested, with Ti and B$_4$C emerging as the most promising alternatives, achieving $σ\approx 30$ ps with about 5 extracted photoelectrons. These results demonstrate that improved robustness can be achieved while maintaining excellent time resolution, supporting the feasibility of using the PICOSEC Micromegas concept in future experiments.