Machine-learning-assisted phase-amplitude reduction for fast synchronization of airfoil wakes with constrained fluctuations
This study considers rapidly modifying the wake shedding frequency of the flow around an airfoil using sparse sensor information, subject to constraints on the lift coefficient fluctuations. This is achieved by combining phase-amplitude reduction with nonlinear machine-learning-based sparse sensor reconstruction. We derive time-varying phase and amplitude sensitivity fields that identify the optimal spatial locations and timing for actuation from merely three sensors. Through the sensitivity fields, we analytically obtain the optimal waveform for fast synchronization of wake shedding frequency while minimizing amplitude deviation of aerodynamic responses. The proposed approach is evaluated using flows over various NACA airfoils at several post-stall angles of attack, all of which exhibit unsteady periodic vortex shedding. With the identified optimal forcing, the wake frequency is altered much faster than with a standard sinusoidal actuation. Furthermore, the amplitude-penalized forcing achieves $20\%$ suppression of the lift coefficient fluctuation compared to the optimal forcing without amplitude penalty. The current amplitude-penalized technique may offer an efficient path for fast flow modification without causing detrimental fluctuations in periodic aerodynamic and aeroelastic systems with fluid-structure interactions.