Turbulence Decay Intensifies Clustering of Bubbles and Particles
Our understanding of inertial particle dynamics in turbulence is mostly based on flows held in a statistically stationary state, a particular regime that differs from many natural flows where energy input can often be intermittent or cyclic, or may abruptly cease. Here we investigate inertial particle and bubble dynamics in freely decaying turbulence through complementary experiments and direct numerical simulations. While particle accelerations decay monotonically in time, we find evidence that the clustering can exhibit a non-monotonic evolution, intensifying sharply before subsequently weakening. We demonstrate that both the acceleration and clustering behaviors can be mapped onto their counterparts in stationary turbulence using a dynamic rescaling of the evolving length and time scales of the turbulence. Validity conditions for the dynamic rescaling, satisfied by both the experimental and numerical datasets, are derived. The proposed mappings remain applicable across a broad range of density ratios, from light to heavy particles, and particle sizes spanning two orders of magnitude in Stokes number.