arXiv subjects

David F. Crawford

Publications and source records attributed to David F. Crawford.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2020

Analysis of quasar magnitudes

Since their discovery the analysis of quasar magnitudes has generally required some form of evolution. Assuming that quasars do not have evolution this paper shows that they have a well-defined intrinsic magnitude distribution that is independent of cosmological models. However the average apparent magnitudes are essentially constant which means that the only cosmological information they contain is that the absolute flux density has a power law distribution. Thus quasar magnitudes, by themselves, are essentially useless for cosmological investigations.

astro-ph.GA↗

arXiv2019

Is the universe static?

A fundamental property of an expanding universe is that any time dependent characteristic of distant objects must appear to scale by the factor $(1+z$). This is called time dilation. Light curves of type Ia supernovae and the duration of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRB) are the only observations that can directly measure time dilation over a wide range of redshifts. An analysis of raw observations of 2,333 type Ia supernovae light-curves shows that their widths, relative to a standard template, have a power-law exponent as a function of ${(1+z)}$, of (0.083 +/- 0.024) which is consistent with no time dilation and inconsistent with standard time dilation. In addition, it is shown that the standard method for calibrating the type Ia supernovae light curves (SALT2) is flawed, which explains why this lack of time dilation has not been previously observed. \par Nearby observations show that the peak absolute magnitude of type Ia supernovae is also constant. Here it is shown that the peak absolute magnitude is independent of redshift if a static universe cosmology, Curvature Cosmology, is used to provide the distance moduli. Furthermore, it is explained why the modified $Λ$-CDM model provides similar results. \par Analysis of the duration of GRB shows that they are consistent with no time dilation and have no support for standard time dilation. Consequently, this paper argues for a fundamental change from the current paradigm of an expanding universe to one for a static universe. Some of the major consequences of Curvature Cosmology are listed.

astro-ph.HE↗

arXiv2018

A problem with the analysis of type Ia supernovae

Type Ia supernovae have light curves that have widths and magnitudes that can be used for testing cosmologies and they provide one of the few direct measurements of time dilation. It is shown that the standard analysis that calibrates the light curve against a rest-frame average (such as SALT2) removes all the cosmological information from the calibrated light curves. Consequently type Ia supernovae calibrated with these methods cannot be used to investigate cosmology. The major evidence that supports the hypothesis of a static universe is that the measurements of the widths of the raw light curves of type Ia supernovae do not show any time dilation. The intrinsic wavelength dependence shown by the SALT2 calibration templates is also consistent with no time dilation. Using a static cosmological model the peak absolute magnitudes of raw type Ia supernovae observations are also independent of redshift. These results support the hypothesis of a static universe.

astro-ph.CO↗

arXiv2016

Type Ia supernovae observations do not show time dilation

The standard analysis for type Ia supernovae uses a set of templates to overcome the intrinsic variation of the supernova light curves with wavelength. This paper shows that standard templates contain an anomaly in that the width of the template light curve is proportional to the emitted wavelength. Furthermore this anomaly is exactly what would be produced if epoch differences were not subject to time dilation and yet time dilation corrections were applied. It is the specific nature of this anomaly that is evidence for a static universe. The lack of time dilation is verified by direct analysis of the original supernovae data.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2014

Observational evidence favors a static universe

The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding. However examination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favours a static universe. The major topics considered are: Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar distributions, X-ray background radiation, cosmic microwave background radiation, radio source counts, quasar variability and the Butcher--Oemler effect. An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution that cancels the effects of expansion. An alternate cosmology, curvature cosmology, is in full agreement with the raw data. This tired-light cosmology predicts a well defined static and stable universe and is fully described. It not only predicts accurate values for the Hubble constant and the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation but shows excellent agreement with most of the topics considered. Curvature cosmology also predicts the deficiency in solar neutrino production rate and can explain the anomalous acceleration of {\it Pioneer} 10.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

No Evidence of Time Dilation in Gamma-Ray Burst Data

Gamma-Ray Bursts have been observed out to very high redshifts and provide time measures that are directly related to intrinsic time scales of the burst. Einstein's theory of relativity is quite definite that if the universe is expanding then the observed duration of these measures will increase with redshift. Thus gamma-ray burst measures should show a time dilation proportional to redshift. An analysis of gamma-ray burst data shows that the hypothesis of time dilation is rejected with a probability of 4.4$\times10^{-6}$ for redshifts out to z=6.6. Traditionally the lack of an apparent time dilation has been explained by an inverse correlation between luminosity and time measures together with strong luminosity selection as a function of redshift. It is shown that the inverse correlation between luminosity and some time measures is confirmed, but using concordance cosmology strong luminosity selection cannot be achieved. It may be possible to explain the apparent lack of time dilation with a combination of gamma-ray burst selection, some luminosity evolution and some time measure evolution. But this requires a remarkable coincidence in order to produce the apparent lack of time dilation. However the data are consistent with a static cosmology in a non-expanding universe.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2009

Observations of type 1a supernovae are consistent with a static universe

Analysis of type 1a supernovae observations out to a redshift of $z$=1.6 shows that there is good agreement between the light-curve widths and $(1+z)$ which is usually interpreted as a strong support for time dilation due to an expanding universe. This paper argues that a strong case can be made for a static universe where the supernovae light-curve-width dependence on redshift is due to selection effects. The analysis is based on the principle that it is the total energy (the fluence) and not the peak magnitude that is the best `standard candle' for type 1a supernovae. A simple model using a static cosmology provides an excellent prediction for the dependence of light curve width on redshift and the luminosity-width relationship for nearby supernovae. The width dependence arises from the assumption of constant absolute magnitude resulting in strong selection of lower luminosity supernovae at higher redshifts due to the use of an incorrect distance modulus. Using a static cosmology, curvature-cosmology, and without fitting any parameters the analysis shows that the total energy is independent of redshift and provides a Hubble constant of $63.1\pm2.5$ kms$^{-1}$ Mpc$^{-1}$. There is no indication of any deviation at large redshifts that has been ascribed to the occurrence of dark energy.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv1999

Curvature pressure in a cosmology with a tired-light redshift

A hypothesis of curvature pressure is used to derive a static and stable cosmology with a tired-light redshift. The idea is that the high energy particles in the inter-galactic medium do not travel along geodesics because of the strong electrostatic forces. The result is a reaction back on the medium that is seen as an additional pressure. Combined with the explanation of the Hubble redshift as a gravitational interaction results in a static and stable cosmology. The predicted Hubble constant is 60.2 km/s/Mpc, the predicted background microwave temperature is 3 degrees and quasar luminosity functions and angular size distributions are shown to be consistent with the model. Since most observations that imply dark matter rely on redshift data it is argued that there is no dark matter. Observations of quasar absorption lines, supernovae light curves and the Butcher-Oemler effect are discussed. The curvature pressure is important for stellar structure and may explain the solar neutrino deficiency.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1999

A possible explanation for the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10

The reported anomalous acceleration of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft of -8.5X10^{-10} m/s^2 (i.e. towards the sun) can be explained by a gravitational interaction on the S-band signals traveling between Pioneer 10 and the earth. The effect of this gravitational interaction is a frequency shift that is proportional to the distance and the square root of the density of the medium in which it travels. If changes in this frequency are interpreted as a Doppler shift the result is an apparent acceleration directed towards the sun. The gravitational interaction is caused by the focusing of the signal photons in curved space where in this case the curvature is related by the density of the interplanetary dust.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1998

Curvature pressure: Sufficient fo a static and stable cosmology; important for solar neutrino production and black hole formation

A hypothesis is presented that electromagnetic forces that prevent ions from following geodesics results in a curvature pressure that is very important in astrophysics. It may partly explain the solar neutrino deficiency and it may be the engine that drives astrophysical jets. However its most important consequence is that it leads to a static and stable cosmology using general relativity without a cosmological constant.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1994

Angular Size in a Static Universe

In principle the geometry of the universe can be investigated by measuring the angular size of known objects as a function of distance. Thus the distribution of angular sizes provides a critical test of the stable and static model of the universe described by Crawford (1991,1993) that has a simple and explicit relationship between the angular size of an object and its redshift. The result is that the agreement with observations of galactic diameters and the size of double radio sources with the static model is much better than the standard (Big Bang) theory without evolution. However there is still a small discrepancy at large redshifts that could be due to selection effects.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1994

The Quasar Distribution in a Static Universe

A crucial test of any cosmological model is the distribution of distant objects such as quasars. Because of well defined selection criteria quasars found by a ultraviolet excess (UVX) survey are ideal candidates for testing the model out to a redshift of z = 2.2. The static cosmology proposed by Crawford (1993) is used to analyse a recent quasar survey (BOYLE et al MNRAS 227, 717 1990). It is shown that the distribution of number of quasars from the survey as a function of redshift is in excellent agreement with the predictions of the model. A V/V_m test on 351 confirmed quasars with defined redshifts has a mean value of 0.568\pm 0.015 with the discrepancy being most likely due to incompleteness of the catalogue at low redshifts. For the redshift range $1.5 < z < 2.2$ where the accuracy of the cosmological model is critical V/V_m was 0.51 \pm 0.02. A well defined quasar luminosity function is derived that has a peak at M_B = -21.16 mag and is well fitted by a Gaussian distribution in absolute magnitude with a standard deviation of 1.52 magnitudes.

astro-ph↗