arXiv subjects

David Lee

Publications and source records attributed to David Lee.

69 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

arXiv2018

Light, the universe, and everything -- 12 Herculean tasks for quantum cowboys and black diamond skiers

The Winter Colloquium on the Physics of Quantum Electronics (PQE) has been a seminal force in quantum optics and related areas since 1971. It is rather mindboggling to recognize how the concepts presented at these conferences have transformed scientific understanding and human society. In January, 2017, the participants of PQE were asked to consider the equally important prospects for the future, and to formulate a set of questions representing some of the greatest aspirations in this broad field. The result is this multi-authored paper, in which many of the world's leading experts address the following fundamental questions: (1) What is the future of gravitational wave astronomy? (2) Are there new quantum phases of matter away from equilibrium that can be found and exploited - such as the time crystal? (3) Quantum theory in uncharted territory: What can we learn? (4) What are the ultimate limits for laser photon energies? (5) What are the ultimate limits to temporal, spatial, and optical resolution? (6) What novel roles will atoms play in technology? (7) What applications lie ahead for nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond? (8) What is the future of quantum coherence, squeezing, and entanglement for enhanced superresolution and sensing? (9) How can we solve (some of) humanity's biggest problems through new quantum technologies? (10) What new understanding of materials and biological molecules will result from their dynamical characterization with free electron lasers? (11) What new technologies and fundamental discoveries might quantum optics achieve by the end of this century? (12) What novel topological structures can be created and employed in quantum optics?

quant-ph↗

arXiv2018

Electron spin resonance study of atomic hydrogen stabilized in solid neon below 1K

We report on an electron spin resonance study of atomic hydrogen stabilized in a solid Ne matrices carried out at a high field of 4.6 T and temperatures below 1 K. The films of Ne, slowly deposited on the substrate at the temperature $\sim$1 K, exhibited a high degree of porosity. We found that H atoms may be trapped in two different substitutional positions in the Ne lattice as well as inside clusters of pure molecular H$_{2}$ in the pores of the Ne film. The latter type of atoms was very unstable against recombination at temperatures 0.3-0.6$\,$K. Based on the observed nearly instant decays after rapid small increase of temperature, we evaluate the lower limit of the recombination rate constant $k_{r}\geq5\cdot10^{-20}\,$cm$^{3}$s$^{-1}$ at 0.6$\,$K, five orders of magnitude larger than that previously found in the thin films of pure H$_{2}$ at the same temperature. Such behavior assumes a very high mobility of atoms and may indicate a solid-to-liquid transition for H$_{2}$ clusters of certain sizes, similar to that observed in experiments with H$_{2}$ clusters inside helium droplets (Phys. Rev. Lett 101, 205301 (2008)). We found that the efficiency of dissociation of H$_{2}$ in neon films is enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude compared to that in pure H$_{2}$, which is instigated by a strong emission of secondary electrons.

cond-mat.mtrl-sci↗

arXiv2018

Discrete conservation properties for shallow water flows using mixed mimetic spectral elements

A mixed mimetic spectral element method is applied to solve the rotating shallow water equations. The mixed method uses the recently developed spectral element histopolation functions, which exactly satisfy the fundamental theorem of calculus with respect to the standard Lagrange basis functions in one dimension. These are used to construct tensor product solution spaces which satisfy the generalized Stokes theorem, as well as the annihilation of the gradient operator by the curl and the curl by the divergence. This allows for the exact conservation of first order moments (mass, vorticity), as well as quadratic moments (energy, potential enstrophy), subject to the truncation error of the time stepping scheme. The continuity equation is solved in the strong form, such that mass conservation holds point wise, while the momentum equation is solved in the weak form such that vorticity is globally conserved. While mass, vorticity and energy conservation hold for any quadrature rule, potential enstrophy conservation is dependent on exact spatial integration. The method possesses a weak form statement of geostrophic balance due to the compatible nature of the solution spaces and arbitrarily high order spatial error convergence.

math.NA↗

arXiv2017

Radiation from Atoms Falling into a Black Hole

We show that atoms falling from outside through a cavity into a black hole (BH) emit acceleration radiation which to a distant observer looks much like Hawking BH radiation. In particular, we find the entropy of the acceleration radiation via a simple laser-like analysis. We call this entropy Horizon Brightened Acceleration Radiation (HBAR) entropy to distinguish it from the BH entropy of Bekenstein and Hawking.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2017

Distinguishing Posed and Spontaneous Smiles by Facial Dynamics

Smile is one of the key elements in identifying emotions and present state of mind of an individual. In this work, we propose a cluster of approaches to classify posed and spontaneous smiles using deep convolutional neural network (CNN) face features, local phase quantization (LPQ), dense optical flow and histogram of gradient (HOG). Eulerian Video Magnification (EVM) is used for micro-expression smile amplification along with three normalization procedures for distinguishing posed and spontaneous smiles. Although the deep CNN face model is trained with large number of face images, HOG features outperforms this model for overall face smile classification task. Using EVM to amplify micro-expressions did not have a significant impact on classification accuracy, while the normalizing facial features improved classification accuracy. Unlike many manual or semi-automatic methodologies, our approach aims to automatically classify all smiles into either `spontaneous' or `posed' categories, by using support vector machines (SVM). Experimental results on large UvA-NEMO smile database show promising results as compared to other relevant methods.

cs.CV↗

arXiv2016

An expanded evaluation of protein function prediction methods shows an improvement in accuracy

Background: The increasing volume and variety of genotypic and phenotypic data is a major defining characteristic of modern biomedical sciences. At the same time, the limitations in technology for generating data and the inherently stochastic nature of biomolecular events have led to the discrepancy between the volume of data and the amount of knowledge gleaned from it. A major bottleneck in our ability to understand the molecular underpinnings of life is the assignment of function to biological macromolecules, especially proteins. While molecular experiments provide the most reliable annotation of proteins, their relatively low throughput and restricted purview have led to an increasing role for computational function prediction. However, accurately assessing methods for protein function prediction and tracking progress in the field remain challenging. Methodology: We have conducted the second Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA), a timed challenge to assess computational methods that automatically assign protein function. One hundred twenty-six methods from 56 research groups were evaluated for their ability to predict biological functions using the Gene Ontology and gene-disease associations using the Human Phenotype Ontology on a set of 3,681 proteins from 18 species. CAFA2 featured significantly expanded analysis compared with CAFA1, with regards to data set size, variety, and assessment metrics. To review progress in the field, the analysis also compared the best methods participating in CAFA1 to those of CAFA2. Conclusions: The top performing methods in CAFA2 outperformed the best methods from CAFA1, demonstrating that computational function prediction is improving. This increased accuracy can be attributed to the combined effect of the growing number of experimental annotations and improved methods for function prediction.

q-bio.QM↗

arXiv2015

The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James Webb Space Telescope, VI: The Medium Resolution Spectrometer

We describe the design and performance of the Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) for the JWST-MIRI instrument. The MRS incorporates four coaxial spectral channels in a compact opto-mechanical layout that generates spectral images over fields of view up to 7.7 X 7.7 arcseconds in extent and at spectral resolving powers ranging from 1,300 to 3,700. Each channel includes an all-reflective integral field unit (IFU): an 'image slicer' that reformats the input field for presentation to a grating spectrometer. Two 1024 X 1024 focal plane arrays record the output spectral images with an instantaneous spectral coverage of approximately one third of the full wavelength range of each channel. The full 5 to 28.5 micron spectrum is then obtained by making three exposures using gratings and pass-band-determining filters that are selected using just two three-position mechanisms. The expected on-orbit optical performance is presented, based on testing of the MIRI Flight Model and including spectral and spatial coverage and resolution. The point spread function of the reconstructed images is shown to be diffraction limited and the optical transmission is shown to be consistent with the design expectations.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2014

Crowdsourcing for Participatory Democracies: Efficient Elicitation of Social Choice Functions

We present theoretical and empirical results demonstrating the usefulness of voting rules for participatory democracies. We first give algorithms which efficiently elicit ε-approximations to two prominent voting rules: the Borda rule and the Condorcet winner. This result circumvents previous prohibitive lower bounds and is surprisingly strong: even if the number of ideas is as large as the number of participants, each participant will only have to make a logarithmic number of comparisons, an exponential improvement over the linear number of comparisons previously needed. We demonstrate the approach in an experiment in Finland's recent off-road traffic law reform, observing that the total number of comparisons needed to achieve a fixed εapproximation is linear in the number of ideas and that the constant is not large. Finally, we note a few other experimental observations which support the use of voting rules for aggregation. First, we observe that rating, one of the common alternatives to ranking, manifested effects of bias in our data. Second, we show that very few of the topics lacked a Condorcet winner, one of the prominent negative results in voting. Finally, we show data hinting at a potential future direction: the use of partial rankings as opposed to pairwise comparisons to further decrease the elicitation time.

cs.MA↗

arXiv2012

Triadic Consensus: A Randomized Algorithm for Voting in a Crowd

Typical voting rules do not work well in settings with many candidates. If there are just several hundred candidates, then even a simple task such as choosing a top candidate becomes impractical. Motivated by the hope of developing group consensus mechanisms over the internet, where the numbers of candidates could easily number in the thousands, we study an urn-based voting rule where each participant acts as a voter and a candidate. We prove that when participants lie in a one-dimensional space, this voting protocol finds a $(1-ε/sqrt{n})$ approximation of the Condorcet winner with high probability while only requiring an expected $O(\frac{1}{ε^2}\log^2 \frac{n}{ε^2})$ comparisons on average per voter. Moreover, this voting protocol is shown to have a quasi-truthful Nash equilibrium: namely, a Nash equilibrium exists which may not be truthful, but produces a winner with the same probability distribution as that of the truthful strategy.

cs.GT↗

arXiv2012

Biased Assimilation, Homophily and the Dynamics of Polarization

Are we as a society getting more polarized, and if so, why? We try to answer this question through a model of opinion formation. Empirical studies have shown that homophily results in polarization. However, we show that DeGroot's well-known model of opinion formation based on repeated averaging can never be polarizing, even if individuals are arbitrarily homophilous. We generalize DeGroot's model to account for a phenomenon well-known in social psychology as biased assimilation: when presented with mixed or inconclusive evidence on a complex issue, individuals draw undue support for their initial position thereby arriving at a more extreme opinion. We show that in a simple model of homophilous networks, our biased opinion formation process results in either polarization, persistent disagreement or consensus depending on how biased individuals are. In other words, homophily alone, without biased assimilation, is not sufficient to polarize society. Quite interestingly, biased assimilation also provides insight into the following related question: do internet based recommender algorithms that show us personalized content contribute to polarization? We make a connection between biased assimilation and the polarizing effects of some random-walk based recommender algorithms that are similar in spirit to some commonly used recommender algorithms.

cs.SI↗

arXiv2012

Performance of volume phase gratings manufactured using ultrafast laser inscription

Ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) is a rapidly maturing technique which uses focused ultrashort laser pulses to locally modify the refractive index of dielectric materials in three-dimensions (3D). Recently, ULI has been applied to the fabrication of astrophotonic devices such as integrated beam combiners, 3D integrated waveguide fan-outs and multimode-to-single mode convertors (photonic lanterns). Here, we outline our work on applying ULI to the fabrication of volume phase gratings (VPGs) in fused silica and gallium lanthanum sulphide (GLS) glasses. The VPGs we fabricated had a spatial frequency of 333 lines/mm. The optimum fused silica grating was found to exhibit a first order diffraction efficiency of 40 % at 633 nm, but exhibited approximately 40 % integrated scattered light. The optimum GLS grating was found to exhibit a first order diffraction efficiency of 71 % at 633 nm and less than 5 % integrated scattered light. Importantly for future astronomy applications, both gratings survived cooling to 20 K. This paper summarises the grating design and ULI manufacturing process, and provides details of the diffraction efficiency performance and blaze curves for the VPGs. In contrast to conventional fabrication technologies, ULI can be used to fabricate VPGs in almost any dielectric material, including mid-IR transmitting materials such as the GLS glass used here. Furthermore, ULI potentially provides the freedom to produce complex groove patterns or blazed gratings. For these reasons, we believe that ULI opens the way towards the development of novel VPGs for future astronomy related applications.

astro-ph.IM↗

arXiv2011

Widescope - A social platform for serious conversations on the Web

There are several web platforms that people use to interact and exchange ideas, such as social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and Google+; Q&A sites like Quora and Yahoo! Answers; and myriad independent fora. However, there is a scarcity of platforms that facilitate discussion of complex subjects where people with divergent views can easily rationalize their points of view using a shared knowledge base, and leverage it towards shared objectives, e.g. to arrive at a mutually acceptable compromise. In this paper, as a first step, we present Widescope, a novel collaborative web platform for catalyzing shared understanding of the US Federal and State budget debates in order to help users reach data-driven consensus about the complex issues involved. It aggregates disparate sources of financial data from different budgets (i.e. from past, present, and proposed) and presents a unified interface using interactive visualizations. It leverages distributed collaboration to encourage exploration of ideas and debate. Users can propose budgets ab-initio, support existing proposals, compare between different budgets, and collaborate with others in real time. We hypothesize that such a platform can be useful in bringing people's thoughts and opinions closer. Toward this, we present preliminary evidence from a simple pilot experiment, using triadic voting (which we also formally analyze to show that is better than hot-or-not voting), that 5 out of 6 groups of users with divergent views (conservatives vs liberals) come to a consensus while aiming to halve the deficit using Widescope. We believe that tools like Widescope could have a positive impact on other complex, data-driven social issues.

cs.SI↗

arXiv2011

Generating Probability Distributions using Multivalued Stochastic Relay Circuits

The problem of random number generation dates back to von Neumann's work in 1951. Since then, many algorithms have been developed for generating unbiased bits from complex correlated sources as well as for generating arbitrary distributions from unbiased bits. An equally interesting, but less studied aspect is the structural component of random number generation as opposed to the algorithmic aspect. That is, given a network structure imposed by nature or physical devices, how can we build networks that generate arbitrary probability distributions in an optimal way? In this paper, we study the generation of arbitrary probability distributions in multivalued relay circuits, a generalization in which relays can take on any of N states and the logical 'and' and 'or' are replaced with 'min' and 'max' respectively. Previous work was done on two-state relays. We generalize these results, describing a duality property and networks that generate arbitrary rational probability distributions. We prove that these networks are robust to errors and design a universal probability generator which takes input bits and outputs arbitrary binary probability distributions.

cs.IT↗

arXiv2002

The origin of [Fe II] emission in NGC 4151

The centre of NGC 4151 has been observed in the J-band with the SMIRFS integral field unit (IFU) on the UK Infrared Telescope. A map of [Fe II] emission is derived, and compared with the distributions of the optical narrow line region and radio jet. We conclude that, because the [Fe II] emission is associated more closely with the visible narrow-line region than with the radio jet, it arises mainly through photoionization of gas by collimated X-rays from the Seyfert nucleus. The velocity field and strength with respect to [Pa B] are found to be consistent with this argument. The performance of the IFU is considered briefly, and techniques for observation and data analysis are discussed.

astro-ph↗

arXiv1999

Multiple object and integral field near-infrared spectroscopy using fibers

We describe a new system for multiple object spectroscopy and integral field spectroscopy at near-infrared wavelengths using optical fibers. Both modes of the SMIRFS instrument have been tested at the UK Infrared Telescope with the CGS4 infrared spectrograph. The modular system includes a common optical system to image the fiber slit onto the cold slit inside the CGS4 cryostat. The multiobject mode consists of 14 interchangeable fused silica or zirconium fluoride fibers each with a field of 4 arcsec. The integral field mode consists of 72 fused silica fibers coupled with a lenslet array to give a contiguous field of 6x4 arcsec with 0.6 arcsec sampling. We describe the performance of both modes. For the multiobject mode, the feasibility and desirability of using fluoride fibers to extend the wavelength range into the K-band is discussed. For the integral field mode, the performance is compared with theoretical expectation with particular attention to the effect of Focal Ratio Degradation in the fibers. These results demonstrate the feasibility of multiobject and integral field spectroscopy in the near-infrared using lenslet-coupled fiber systems. Although SMIRFS in an experimental system working with a spectrograph not designed for this purpose, the throughput and uniformity of response are good. SMIRFS points the way forward to systems with much larger numbers of elements.

astro-ph↗