On geodesic disks enclosing many points
Let $ \Pi(n) $ be the largest number such that for every set $ S $ of $ n $ points in a polygon~$ P $, there always exist two points $ x, y \in S $, where every geodesic disk containing $ x $ and $ y $ contains $ \Pi(n) $ points of~$ S $. We establish upper and lower bounds for $ \Pi(n)$, and show that $ \left\lceil \frac{n}{5}\right\rceil+1 \leq \Pi(n) \leq \left\lceil \frac{n}{4} \right\rceil +1 $. We also show that there always exist two points $x, y\in S$ such that every geodesic disk with $x$ and $y$ on its boundary contains at least $ \frac{n}{7+\sqrt{37}} \approx \left\lceil \frac{n}{13.1} \right\rceil$ points both inside and outside the disk. For the special case where the points of $ S $ are restricted to be the vertices of a geodesically convex polygon we give a tight bound of $\left\lceil \frac{n}{3} \right\rceil + 1$. We provide the same tight bound when we only consider geodesic disks having $ x $ and $ y $ as diametral endpoints. We give upper and lower bounds of $\left\lceil \frac{n}{5} \right\rceil + 1 $ and $\frac{n}{6+\sqrt{26}} \approx \left\lceil \frac{n}{11.1} \right\rceil$, respectively, for the two-colored version of the problem. Finally, for the two-colored variant we show that there always exist two points $x, y\in S$ where $x$ and $y$ have different colors and every geodesic disk with $x$ and $y$ on its boundary contains at least $\left\lceil \frac{n}{27.1}\right\rceil+1$ points both inside and outside the disk.