arXiv subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Deshan Yang.
After briefly introducing the framework of QCD factorization for B-> M1 M2 in the language of the Soft-Collinear Effective Theory, we firstly address the recent efforts on higher-order radiative corrections in QCD factorization. Then we discuss some phenomenologies in B-> V V within the framework of QCD factorization.
Organ motion induced by respiration may cause clinically significant targeting errors and greatly degrade the effectiveness of conformal radiotherapy. It is therefore crucial to be able to model respiratory motion accurately. A recently proposed lung motion model based on principal component analysis (PCA) has been shown to be promising on a few patients. However, there is still a need to understand the underlying reason why it works. In this paper, we present a much deeper and detailed analysis of the PCA-based lung motion model. We provide the theoretical justification of the effectiveness of PCA in modeling lung motion. We also prove that under certain conditions, the PCA motion model is equivalent to 5D motion model, which is based on physiology and anatomy of the lung. The modeling power of PCA model was tested on clinical data and the average 3D error was found to be below 1 mm.
Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) promises the ability to deliver an optimal treatment in response to daily patient anatomic variation. A major technical barrier for the clinical implementation of online ART is the requirement of rapid image segmentation. Deformable image registration (DIR) has been used as an automated segmentation method to transfer tumor/organ contours from the planning image to daily images. However, the current computational time of DIR is insufficient for online ART. In this work, this issue is addressed by using computer graphics processing units (GPUs). A grey-scale based DIR algorithm called demons and five of its variants were implemented on GPUs using the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) programming environment. The spatial accuracy of these algorithms was evaluated over five sets of pulmonary 4DCT images with an average size of 256x256x100 and more than 1,100 expert-determined landmark point pairs each. For all the testing scenarios presented in this paper, the GPU-based DIR computation required around 7 to 11 seconds to yield an average 3D error ranging from 1.5 to 1.8 mm. It is interesting to find out that the original passive force demons algorithms outperform subsequently proposed variants based on the combination of accuracy, efficiency, and ease of implementation.
In a typical exclusive quarkonium production process, when the center-of-mass energy, $\sqrt{s}$, is much greater than the heavy quark mass $m$, large kinematic logarithms of $s/m^2$ will unavoidably arise at each order of perturbative expansion in the short-distance coefficients of the nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) factorization formalism, which may potentially harm the perturbative expansion. This symptom reflects that the hard regime in NRQCD factorization is too coarse and should be further factorized. We suggest that this regime can be further separated into "hard" and "collinear" degrees of freedom, so that the familiar light-cone approach can be employed to reproduce the NRQCD matching coefficients at the zeroth order of $m^2/s$ and order by order in $α_s$. Taking two simple processes, exclusive $η_b+γ$ production in $e^+ e^-$ annihilation and Higgs boson radiative decay into $Υ$, as examples, we illustrate how the leading logarithms of $s/m^2$ in the NRQCD matching coefficients are identified and summed to all orders in $α_s$ with the aid of Brodsky-Lepage evolution equation.
We calculate the hard-scattering kernels relevant to the negative-helicity decay amplitude in B decays to two vector mesons in the framework of QCD factorisation. We then perform a comprehensive analysis of the 34 B->VV decays, including B_s decays and the complete set of polarisation observables. We find considerable uncertainties from weak annihilation and the non-factorisation of spectator-scattering. Large longitudinal polarisation is expected with certainty only for a few tree-dominated colour-allowed modes, which receive small penguin and spectator-scattering contributions. This allows for an accurate determination of the CKM angle alpha (or gamma) from S_L(rhorho) resulting in alpha=(85.6^{+7.4}_{-7.3}) degrees. We also emphasize that the rho K* system is ideal for an investigation of electroweak penguin effects.
In this paper, we perform a global analysis of $B \to PP$ and $PV$ decays with the QCD factorization approach. It is encouraging to observe that the predictions of QCD factorization are in good agreement with experiment. The best fit $γ$ is around $79^\circ$. The penguin-to-tree ratio $|P_{ππ}/T_{ππ}|$ of $π^+ π^-$ decays is preferred to be larger than 0.3. We also show the confidence levels for some interesting channels: $B^0 \to π^0 π^0$, $K^+ K^-$ and $B^+ \to ωπ^+$, $ωK^+$. For $B \to πK^\ast$ decays, they are expected to have smaller branching ratios with more precise measurements.
We study the hadronic charmless two-body B decays to final states involving pseudoscalar and vector mesons with QCD factorization approach, including the contributions from the chirally enhanced power corrections and weak annihilations. The CP-averaged branching ratios and CP-violating asymmetries are given. Most of our results are in agreement with the present measurements, but the branching ratios of some decay channels are only marginally consistent with the experimental observations. Considering the large uncertainties, great advances in both experiment and theory in the near future are strongly expected.
In this paper, we study nonleptonic charmless B decays to two light pseudoscalar mesons within the frame of QCD factorization, including the contributions from the chirally enhanced power corrections and weak annihilation. Predictions for the CP-averaged branching ratios and CP-violating asymmetries are given. Within the reasonable range of the parameters, we find that our predictions for the branching ratios of B -> PP are consistent with the present experimental data. But because of the logarithmic divergences at the endpoints in the hard spectator scatterings and weak annihilation, there are still large uncertainties in these predictions.
In this work, we give a detailed discussion for QCD factorization involved the complete chirally enhanced power corrections for B decays to two light pseudoscalar mesons, and present some detailed calculations of radiative corrections at the order of alpha_s. We point out that the infrared finiteness of the vertex corrections in the chirally enhanced power corrections requires twist-3 light-cone distribution amplitudes (LCDAs) of the light pseudoscalar symmetric. However, even in the symmetric condition, there is also logarithmic divergence from the endpoints of the twist-3 LCDAs in the hard spectator scattering. We point out that the decay amplitudes of B --> PP predicted by QCD factorization are really free of the renormalization scale dependence, at least at the order of alpha_s. At last, we briefly compare the QCD factorization with the generalized factorization and PQCD method.
Since b quark mass is not asymptotically large, chirally enhanced corrections which arise from twist-3 wave functions may be important in B decays. We thus evaluate the hadronic matrix elements with the final light pseudoscalar mesons described by leading twist and twist-3 distribution amplitudes. We find that chirally enhanced corrections can be included consistently in the framework of QCD factorization only if the twist-3 distribution amplitudes are symmetric. We then give explicit expressions of $a_i^p$ for $B \to ππ$ at the next-to-leading order of $α_s$ including chirally enhanced corrections. We also briefly discuss the divergence appeared in the hard spectator contributions.
Since b quark mass is not asymptotically large, chirally enhanced corrections which arise from twist-3 wave functions may be important in B decays. We thus evaluate the hadronic matrix elements with the emitted meson described by leading twist and twist-3 distribution amplitudes $Φ_p(x)$. After summing over the four "vertex correction" diagrams, we obtain the results with infrared finiteness which shows that chirally enhanced corrections arise from $Φ_p(x)$ can be consistently included in QCD factorization. We also briefly discuss the contributions from "hard spectator" diagrams.
Di-gluon fusion mechanism might account for the large branching ratios of $B\to K η^{\prime}$. But because we know little about the effective $η^{\prime}gg$ vertex, there are large uncertainties in perturbative QCD estimations. In this paper, we try several kinds of $η^{\prime}gg$ form factors and compare the numerical results with the experiment. We find that, though we know little about $η^{\prime}gg$ form factor, if di-gluon fusion mechanism is important in $B\to K η^{\prime}$, the branching ratios of the decays $B\to K^{\ast} η^{\prime}$ would be around $10^{-5}$ which can be tested by future experiments.
With the generalized factorization approximation, we calculate the branching ratios and CP asymmetries in B meson decays into two charmless pseudoscalar mesons. We give a new estimation of the matrix elements of (S+P)(S-P) current products with the PQCD method instead of equation of motion. We find that our results are comparatively smaller than those in the literature.