arXiv subjects

Ding-Yu Chung

Publications and source records attributed to Ding-Yu Chung.

12 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2012

The Unified Theory of Physics

The unified theory of physics unifies various phenomena in our observable universe and other universes. The unified theory is based on the zero-energy universe and the space-object structures. Different universes in different developmental stages are the different expressions of the space-object structures. The unified theory is divided into five parts: the space-object structures, cosmology, the periodic table of elementary particles, the galaxy formation, and the extreme force field. The space-object structures explain quantum mechanics, relativity, and the evolution of the universes. From the zero-energy universe, our universe starts with the 11D (dimensional) membrane dual universe followed by the 10D string dual universe and then by the 10D particle dual universe, and ends with the asymmetrical light-dark dual universe. This 4-stage process goes on in repetitive cycles. Such 4-stage cosmology accounts for the origins of the four force fields. The theoretical calculated percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7, and 4.53, respectively, in agreement with observed values. According to the calculation, dark energy started in 4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 +/- 0.98 billion years ago. The unified theory places all elementary particles in the periodic table of elementary particles with the calculated masses in good agreement with the observed values, including the mass of the Higgs boson. It explains the inflation, the Big Bang, and the formation of various shapes of galaxies. It gives the structure for the extreme force fields, including superconductivity, black hole, and supernova.

hep-th↗

arXiv2011

The Evolution of Galaxies by the Incompatibility between Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter

In this paper, the evolution of galaxies is by the incompatibility between dark matter and baryonic matter. Due to the structural difference, baryonic matter and dark matter are incompatible to each other as oil droplet and water in emulsion. In the interfacial zone between dark matter and baryonic matter, this incompatibility generates the modification of Newtonian dynamics to keep dark matter and baryonic matter apart. The five periods of baryonic structure development in the order of increasing incompatibility are the free baryonic matter, the baryonic droplet, the galaxy, the cluster, and the supercluster periods. The transition to the baryonic droplet generates density perturbation in the CMB. In the galaxy period, the first-generation galaxies include elliptical, normal spiral, barred spiral, irregular, and dwarf spheroidal galaxies. In the cluster period, the second-generation galaxies include modified giant ellipticals, cD, evolved S0, dwarf elliptical, BCD, and tidal dwarf galaxies. The whole observable expanding universe behaves as one unit of emulsion with increasing incompatibility between dark matter and baryonic matter. The properties of dark matter and baryonic matter are based on cosmology derived from the two physical structures: the space structure and the object structure. Baryonic matter can be described by the periodic table of elementary particles.

hep-th↗

arXiv2011

Genesis Cosmology

Genesis Cosmology is the combination of Genesis and a cosmology model for the description of the first three days in Genesis. The first day involves the emergence of the separation of light and darkness from the formless, empty, and dark pre-universe in Genesis, corresponding to the emergence of the current asymmetrical dual universe: the light universe and the dark universe from the simple and dark pre-universe in Genesis Cosmology. The three stages of the pre-universe are the strong, the gravitational, and the charged pre-universes for the emergences of the strong, the gravitational, and the electromagnetic force fields, respectively. The light universe is the current observable universe, while the dark universe is sometimes hidden, and sometimes observable as dark energy. The second day involves the separation of waters from above and below the expanse in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of dark matter and baryonic matter from above and below the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter for the formation of galaxies in Genesis Cosmology. The repulsive MOND force between dark matter and baryonic matter exists in the interface between dark matter and baryonic matter. The third day involves the separation of sea and land where organisms appeared in Genesis, corresponding to the separation of interstellar medium and star with planet where organisms are developed in Genesis Cosmology. Under the normal condition, stars and planets are developed. Under extreme condition such as zero absolute temperature or extremely high pressure, superconductivity and the alternative for black hole appear. Genesis Cosmology is the unified theory that unifies different phenomena in our observable universe.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2005

The Cosmic Organism Theory

We present the cosmic organism theory in which all visible and invisible matter has different cosmic genetic expressions. The cosmic gene includes codes for the object structure and the space structure. The cosmic digital code for the object structure consists of full object (1, 2, and 3 for particle, string, and membrane, respectively) and empty object (0) as anti de Sitter space (AdS). The tessellation lattice of empty objects is tessellattice. The decomposition of a full object in tessellattice results in the AdS/CFT (conformal field theory) duality. The digital code for the object structure accounts for the AdS/CFT duality, the dS/bulk duality, and gravity. The digital code for the space structure consists of 1 and 0 for attachment space and detachment space, respectively. Attachment space attaches to object permanently at zero speed or reversibly at the speed of light. Detachment space detaches from the object irreversibly at the speed of light. The combination of attachment space and detachment space results in miscible space, binary lattice space or binary partition space. Miscible space represents special relativity. Binary lattice space consists of multiple quantized units of attachment space separated from one another by detachment space. Binary lattice space corresponds to the nilpotent universal computational rewrite system (NUCRS) by Diaz and Rowlands. The gauge force fields and wavefunction are in binary lattice space. With tessellattice and binary lattice space, 11D brane is reducing to 4D particle surrounded by gravity and the gauge force fields. The cosmic dimension varies due to different speeds of light in different dimensional space-times and the increase of mass.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2005

The Cosmic Digital Code and Quantum Mechanics

This paper posits that the cosmic digital code as the law of all physical laws contains two mutually exclusive values: attachment space attaching to object and detachment space detaching from object. However, the cosmic physical system could not start with mutually exclusive attachment space and detachment space at the same time in the beginning. The way out of this impasse is that the complete cosmic system consists of both the cosmic physical system and the unphysical cosmic digital code. The unphysical cosmic digital code allows the coexistence of attachment space and detachment space at the same time. The cosmic digital code behaves as gene in organism, and the cosmic physical system behaves as organ. Under different conditions and times, different spaces in the cosmic digital code are activated to generate different spaces in the cosmic physical systems with different physical laws for different universes in the multivese. All universes start from the primitive multiverse, which only has attachment space attaching to 10D string without the four force fields. During the big bang in our universe, detachment space emerged to detach particle from its four force fields. Such detachment, however, cannot be completely and permanently detached, because particle still attaches to its force fields. The result is hybrid space, combining both attachment space and detachment space in coherent state, such as particle and its force fields. Hybrid space is the space for wavefunction whose probability density is proportional to attachment space, and inversely proportional to detachment space. The collapse of wavefunction in decoherent state is the separation of attachment space and detachment space in such way that attachment space attaches to particle, and detachment space separately detaches from all probability density.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2004

The Periodic Table of Elementary Particles and the Composition of Hadrons

All leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. As the periodic table of elements derived from atomic orbital, the periodic table of elementary particles is derived from the two sets of seven orbitals: principal dimensional orbital and auxiliary dimensional orbital. (Seven orbitals come indirectly from the seven extra dimensions in eleven-dimensional space-time.) Principal dimensional orbital derived from varying space-time dimension, varying speed of light, and varying supersymmetry explains gauge bosons and low-mass leptons. Auxiliary dimensional orbital derived from principal dimensional orbital accounts for high-mass leptons and individual quarks. For hadrons as the composites of individual quarks, hadronic dimensional orbital derived from auxiliary dimensional orbital is responsible. These three sets of seven orbitals explain all elementary particles and hadrons. QCD, essentially, describes the different occupations of quarks in the three sets of seven orbitals at different temperatures. The periodic table of elementary particles and the compositions of hadrons relate to the Barut lepton mass formula, the Polazzi mass formula for stable hadrons, and the MacGregor-Akers constituent quark model. The calculated masses for elementary particles and hadrons are in good agreement with the observed masses. For examples, the calculated masses for the top quark, neutron, and pion are 176.5 GeV, 939.54MeV, and 135.01MeV in excellent agreement with the observed masses, 174.3 GeV, 939.57 MeV, and 134.98 MeV, respectively.

hep-th↗

arXiv2001

The vacuum interpretation of quantum mechanics and the vacuum universe

Quantum mechanics is interpreted by the adjacent vacuum that behaves as a virtual particle to be absorbed and emitted by its matter. As described in the vacuum universe model, the adjacent vacuum is derived from the pre-inflationary universe in which the pre-adjacent vacuum is absorbed by the pre-matter. This absorbed pre-adjacent vacuum is emitted to become the added space for the inflation in the inflationary universe whose space-time is separated from the pre-inflationary universe. This added space is the adjacent vacuum. The absorption of the adjacent vacuum as the added space results in the adjacent zero space (no space), Quantum mechanics is the interaction between matter and the three different types of vacuum: the adjacent vacuum, the adjacent zero space, and the empty space. The absorption of the adjacent vacuum results in the empty space superimposed with the adjacent zero space, confining the matter in the form of particle. When the absorbed vacuum is emitted, the adjacent vacuum can be anywhere instantly in the empty space superimposed with the adjacent zero space where any point can be the starting point (zero point) of space-time. Consequently, the matter that expands into the adjacent vacuum has the probability to be anywhere instantly in the form of wavefunction. In the vacuum universe model, the universe not only gains its existence from the vacuum but also fattens itself with the vacuum. During the inflation, the adjacent vacuum also generates the periodic table of elementary particles to account for all elementary particles and their masses in a good agreement with the observed values.

quant-ph↗

arXiv2001

The masses of elementary particles and hadrons

The masses of elementary particles and hadrons can be calculated from the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table is derived from dimensional hierarchy for the seven extra spatial dimensions. As a molecule is the composite of atoms with chemical bonds, a hadron is the composite of elementary particles with hadronic bonds. The masses of elementary particles and hadrons can be calculated using the periodic table with only four known constants: the number of the extra spatial dimensions in the superstring, the mass of electron, the mass of Z=B0, and the fine structure constant. The calculated masses are in good agreement with the observed values. For examples, the calculated masses for the top quark, neutron, and pion are 176.5 GeV, 939.54MeV, and 135.01MeV in excellent agreement with the observed masses, 176 =B1 13 GeV, 939.57 MeV, and 134.98 MeV, respectively. The masses of 110 hadrons are calculated. The overall average difference between the calculated masses and the observed masses for all hadrons is 0.29 MeV. The periodic table of elementary particles provides the most comprehensive explanation and calculation for the masses of elementary particles and hadrons.

hep-ph↗

arXiv2001

The cyclic universe

The cyclic universe model is a modification of the ekpyrotic universe and the pyrotechnic universe models. The cyclic universe goes through the six transitions: the triplet universe, the inflation, the big bang, the quintessence, the big crush, and the deflation transitions. The universe starts with eleven dimensional space-time with two boundary 9-branes separated by a finite gap spanning an intervening bulk volume. The triplet transition starts when the bulk 9-brane is generated from the hidden boundary 9-brane, and collides with the pre-observable 9-brane. The collision starts the inflation transition. The collision is the brane dimensional interference mixing between the pre-observable 9-brane and the bulk 9-brane. The results are the mixed branes (combined brane dimensions), the internal space (cancelled brane dimensions), the bulk space, 3-brane vacuum, and cosmic radiation. Cosmic radiation generated during the inflation leads to the big bang. Meanwhile, the hidden brane undergoes stepwise fractionalization, changing in stepwise manner from 9-brane to 3-brane. The observable universe expands in a constant rate until the quintessence transition. Afterward, there are the big crush transition (the reverse of the big bang) and the deflation (the reverse of the inflation). The cosmic cycle of the fractionalization and condensation starts over again. The masses of all elementary particles and hadrons can be calculated.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2001

The cosmic origin of quantum mechanics

In this paper, the base of quantum mechanics is the spontaneous tendency for a microscopic object to fractionalize instantly into quasistates and condense instantly quasistates. This quasistate is equivalent to the eigenfunction. An object with the fractionalization-condensation is equivalent to the unitary wavefunction. Nonlocal operation is explicitly required to maintain communication among all quasistates regardless of distance during the fractionalization process. Interference effect is explicitly required for the condensation of quasistates. The collapse of the fractionalization-condensation is explicitly required when the fractionalization-condensation is disrupted. The cosmic origin of quantum mechanics is derived from the cyclic fractionalization-condensation in the cyclic universe, consisting of the unobservable cosmic vacuum and the observable universe. The cyclic fractionalization-condensation allows quasistates to appear cyclically rather than simultaneously. The cosmic vacuum involves the gradual cyclic fractionalization-condensation between the high energy eleven dimensional and low energy four dimensional spacetime. The observable universe involves the drastic cyclic fractionalization-condensation consisting of the cosmic instant fractionalization (the big bang) into various dimensional particles and the expansion-contraction by mostly cosmic radiation and gravity. The cosmic instant fractionalization leads to the microscopic instant fractionalization-condensation (the standard quantum mechanics) that allows all quasistates from an object to appear simultaneously.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2001

The cosmic origin of supersymmetry and internal symmetry

The cosmic vacuum is the wavefunction of the eleven dimensional Planck supermembrane. The Planck wavefunction is the superposition of dimensions from eleven to four dimensional spacetime with decreasing energy and increasing size. The cosmic vacuum is a gigantic cosmic particle-wave. It undergoes a gigantic slow cosmic oscillation between the high-energy eleven dimensional spacetime and the low-energy four dimensional spacetime. The origin of ordinary (baryonic) matter in the big bang universe is the collapsed Planck wavefunction due to the lepton-quark entangled state with two unequal sets of spacetime as the quantum system-measurement entangled state in Hilbert space. The collapsed Planck wavefunction has four dimensional spacetime and seven dimensional internal space (non-spacetime) with seven gauge bosons. The remnants of the cosmic oscillation are cosmic radiation, gravity, and microscopic particle-wave in the four dimensional spacetime. Internal symmetries for gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, and black holes are in the seven dimensional internal space. The result is the big bang universe with the cosmic vacuum. The cosmic vacuum has the four-to-eleven dimensional spacetime supersymmetry, while the big bang universe has the four dimensional spacetime and the seven dimensional internal space. The masses of elementary particles can be calculated with only four known constants: the number of the extra spatial dimensions in the supermembrane, the mass of electron, the mass of Z, and the fine structure constant for the magnetic field.

physics.gen-ph↗

arXiv2000

The periodic table of elementary particles

All leptons, quarks, and gauge bosons can be placed in the periodic table of elementary particles. The periodic table is derived from dualities of string theory and a Kaluza-Klein substructure for the six extra spatial dimensions. As a molecule is the composite of atoms with chemical bonds, a hadron is the composite of elementary particles with hadronic bonds. The masses of elementary particles and hadrons can be calculated using the periodic table with only four known constants: the number of the extra spatial dimensions in the superstring, the mass of electron, the mass of Z=B0, and the fine structure constant for the magnetic field. The calculated masses are in good agreement with the observed values. For examples, the calculated masses for the top quark, neutron, and pion are 176.5 GeV, 939.54MeV, and 135.01MeV in excellent agreement with the observed masses, 176 =B1 13 GeV, 939.57 MeV, and 134.98 MeV, respectively. The masses of 110 hadrons are calculated. The overall average difference between the calculated masses and the observed masses for all hadrons is 0.29 MeV. The periodic table of elementary particles provides the most comprehensive explanation and calculation for the masses of elementary particles and hadrons.

physics.gen-ph↗