arXiv subjects

Dmitri Shakhmatov

Publications and source records attributed to Dmitri Shakhmatov.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

arXiv2015

Direct sums and products in topological groups and vector spaces

We call a subset $A$ of an abelian topological group $G$: (i) $absolutely$ $Cauchy$ $summable$ provided that for every open neighbourhood $U$ of $0$ one can find a finite set $F\subseteq A$ such that the subgroup generated by $A\setminus F$ is contained in $U$; (ii) $absolutely$ $summable$ if, for every family $\{z_a:a\in A\}$ of integer numbers, there exists $g\in G$ such that the net $\left\{\sum_{a\in F} z_a a: F\subseteq A\mbox{ is finite}\right\}$ converges to $g$; (iii) $topologically$ $independent$ provided that $0\not \in A$ and for every neighbourhood $W$ of $0$ there exists a neighbourhood $V$ of $0$ such that, for every finite set $F\subseteq A$ and each set $\{z_a:a\in F\}$ of integers, $\sum_{a\in F}z_aa\in V$ implies that $z_aa\in W$ for all $a\in F$. We prove that: (1) an abelian topological group contains a direct product (direct sum) of $κ$-many non-trivial topological groups if and only if it contains a topologically independent, absolutely (Cauchy) summable subset of cardinality $κ$; (2) a topological vector space contains $\mathbb{R}^{(\mathbb{N})}$ as its subspace if and only if it has an infinite absolutely Cauchy summable set; (3) a topological vector space contains $\mathbb{R}^{\mathbb{N}}$ as its subspace if and only if it has an $\mathbb{R}^{(\mathbb{N})}$ multiplier convergent series of non-zero elements. We answer a question of Hušek and generalize results by Bessaga-Pelczynski-Rolewicz, Dominguez-Tarieladze and Lipecki.

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arXiv2014

Final solution of Protasov-Comfort's problem on minimally almost periodic group topologies

We prove that an abelian group admits a minimally almost periodic (MinAP) group topology if and only if it is connected in its Markov-Zariski topology. In particular, every unbounded abelian group admits a MinAP group topology. This answers positively a question set by Comfort, as well as several weaker forms proposed recently by Gabriyelyan. Using this characterization we answer also two open questions of Gould. We prove that a subgroup H of an abelian group G can be realized as the von Neumann kernel of G equipped with some Hausdorff group topology if and only if H is contained in the connected component of zero of G with respect to its Markov-Zariski topology. This completely resolves a question of Gabriyelyan, as well as some of its particular versions which were open.

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arXiv2013

Subgroups of direct products closely approximated by direct sums

Let $I$ be an infinite set, $\{G_i:i\in I\}$ be a family of (topological) groups and $G=\prod_{i\in I} G_i$ be its direct product. For $J\subseteq I$, $p_{J}: G\to \prod_{j\in J} G_j$ denotes the projection. We say that a subgroup $H$ of $G$ is: (i) \emph{uniformly controllable} in $G$ provided that for every finite set $J\subseteq I$ there exists a finite set $K\subseteq I$ such that $p_{J}(H)=p_{J}(H\cap\bigoplus_{i\in K} G_i)$; (ii) \emph{controllable} in $G$ provided that $p_{J}(H)=p_{J}(H\cap\bigoplus_{i\in I} G_i)$ for every finite set $J\subseteq I$; (iii) \emph{weakly controllable} in $G$ if $H\cap \bigoplus_{i\in I} G_i$ is dense in $H$, when $G$ is equipped with the Tychonoff product topology. One easily proves that (i)$\to$(ii)$\to$(iii). We thoroughly investigate the question as to when these two arrows can be reversed. We prove that the first arrow can be reversed when $H$ is compact, but the second arrow cannot be reversed even when $H$ is compact. Both arrows can be reversed if all groups $G_i$ are finite. When $G_i=A$ for all $i\in I$, where $A$ is an abelian group, we show that the first arrow can be reversed for {\em all} subgroups $H$ of $G$ if and only if $A$ is finitely generated. Connections with coding theory are highlighted.

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arXiv2012

On the existence of kings in continuous tournaments

The classical result of Landau on the existence of kings in finite tournaments (=finite directed complete graphs) is extended to continuous tournaments for which the set X of players is a compact Hausdorff space. The following partial converse is proved as well. Let X be a Tychonoff space which is either zero-dimensional or locally connected or pseudocompact or linearly ordered. If X admits at least one continuous tournament and each continuous tournament on X has a king, then X must be compact. We show that a complete reversal of our theorem is impossible, by giving an example of a dense connected subspace Y of the unit square admitting precisely two continuous tournaments both of which have a king, yet Y is not even analytic (much less compact).

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arXiv2011

Metrization criteria for compact groups in terms of their dense subgroups

According to Comfort, Raczkowski and Trigos-Arrieta, a dense subgroup D of a compact abelian group G determines G if the restriction homomorphism G^ --> D^ of the dual groups is a topological isomorphism. We introduce four conditions on D that are necessary for it to determine G and we resolve the following question: If one of these conditions holds for every dense (or G_δ-dense) subgroup D of G, must G be metrizable? In particular, we prove (in ZFC) that a compact abelian group determined by all its G_δ-dense subgroups is metrizable, thereby resolving a question by Hernandez, Macario and Trigos-Arrieta. (Under the additional assumption of the Continuum Hypothesis CH, the same statement was proved recently by Bruguera, Chasco, Dominguez, Tkachenko and Trigos-Arrieta.) As a tool, we develop a machinery for building G_δ-dense subgroups without uncountable compact subsets in compact groups of weight ω_1 (in ZFC). The construction is delicate, as these subgroups must have non-trivial convergent sequences in some models of ZFC.

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arXiv2010

A Kronecker-Weyl theorem for subsets of abelian groups

Let N be the set of non-negative integer numbers, T the circle group and c the cardinality of the continuum. Given an abelian group G of size at most 2^c and a countable family F of infinite subsets of G, we construct "Baire many" monomorphisms p: G --> T^c such that p(E) is dense in {y in T^c : ny=0} whenever n in N, E in F, nE={0} and {x in E: mx=g} is finite for all g in G and m such that n=mk for some k in N--{1}. We apply this result to obtain an algebraic description of countable potentially dense subsets of abelian groups, thereby making a significant progress towards a solution of a problem of Markov going back to 1944. A particular case of our result yields a positive answer to a problem of Tkachenko and Yaschenko. Applications to group actions and discrete flows on T^c, diophantine approximation, Bohr topologies and Bohr compactifications are also provided.

math.GR↗

arXiv2010

Productivity of sequences with respect to a given weight function

Given a function f: N --> (omega+1)-{0}, we say that a faithfully indexed sequence {a_n: n in N} of elements of a topological group G is: (i) f-Cauchy productive (f-productive) provided that the sequence {prod_{n=0}^m a_n^{z(n)}: m in N} is left Cauchy (converges to some element of G, respectively) for each function z: N --> Z such that |z(n)| <= f(n) for every n in N; (ii) unconditionally f-Cauchy productive (unconditionally f-productive) provided that the sequence {a_{s(n)}: n in N\} is (f\circ s)-Cauchy productive (respectively, (f\circ s)-productive) for every bijection s: N --> N. (Bijections can be replaced by injections here.) We consider the question of existence of (unconditionally) f-productive sequences for a given "weight function" f. We prove that: (1) a Hausdorff group having an f-productive sequence for some f contains a homeomorphic copy of the Cantor set; (2) if a non-discrete group is either locally compact Hausdorff or Weil complete metric, then it contains an unconditionally f-productive sequence for every function f: N--> N; (3) a metric group is NSS if and only if it does not contain an f_omega-Cauchy productive sequence, where f_omega is the function taking the constant value omega. We give an example of an f_omega-productive sequence {a_n: n in N} in a (necessarily non-abelian) separable metric group H with a linear topology and a bijection s: N --> N such that the sequence {prod_{n=0}^m a_{s(n)}: m in N} diverges, thereby answering a question of Dominguez and Tarieladze. Furthermore, we show that H has no unconditionally f_omega-productive sequences. As an application of our results, we resolve negatively a question from C_p(-,G)-theory.

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arXiv2010

The Markov-Zariski topology of an abelian group

According to Markov, a subset of an abelian group G of the form {x in G: nx=a}, for some integer n and some element a of G, is an elementary algebraic set; finite unions of elementary algebraic sets are called algebraic sets. We prove that a subset of an abelian group G is algebraic if and only if it is closed in every precompact (=totally bounded) Hausdorff group topology on G. The family of all algebraic subsets of an abelian group G forms the family of closed subsets of a unique Noetherian T_1 topology on G called the Zariski, or verbal, topology of G. We investigate the properties of this topology. In particular, we show that the Zariski topology is always hereditarily separable and Frechet-Urysohn. For a countable family F of subsets of an abelian group G of cardinality at most the continuum, we construct a precompact metric group topology T on G such that the T-closure of each member of F coincides with its Zariski closure. As an application, we provide a characterization of the subsets of G that are dense in some Hausdorff group topology on G, and we show that such a topology, if it exists, can always be chosen so that it is precompact and metric. This provides a partial answer to a long-standing problem of Markov.

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arXiv2010

Group-valued continuous functions with the topology of pointwise convergence

We denote by C_p(X,G) the group of all continuous functions from a space X to a topological group G endowed with the topology of pointwise convergence. We say that spaces X and Y are G-equivalent provided that the topological groups C_p(X,G) and C_p(Y,G) are topologically isomorphic. We investigate which topological properties are preserved by G-equivalence, with a special emphasis being placed on characterizing topological properties of X in terms of those of C_p(X,G). Since R-equivalence coincides with l-equivalence, this line of research "includes" major topics of the classical C_p-theory of Arhangel'skii as a particular case (when G = R). We introduce a new class of TAP groups that contains all groups having no small subgroups (NSS groups). We prove that: (i) for a given NSS group G, a G-regular space X is pseudocompact if and only if C_p(X,G) is TAP, and (ii) for a metrizable NSS group G, a G^*-regular space X is compact if and only if C_p(X,G) is a TAP group of countable tightness. In particular, a Tychonoff space X is pseudocompact (compact) if and only if C_p(X,R) is a TAP group (of countable tightness). We show that Tychonoff spaces X and Y are T-equivalent if and only if their free precompact Abelian groups are topologically isomorphic, where T stays for the quotient group R/Z. As a corollary, we obtain that T-equivalence implies G-equivalence for every Abelian precompact group G. We establish that T-equivalence preserves the following topological properties: compactness, pseudocompactness, sigma-compactness, the property of being a Lindelof Sigma-space, the property of being a compact metrizable space, the (finite) number of connected components, connectedness, total disconnectedness. An example of R-equivalent (that is, l-equivalent) spaces that are not T-equivalent is constructed.

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arXiv2009

Hewitt-Marczewski-Pondiczery type theorem for abelian groups and Markov's potential density

For an uncountable cardinal τand a subset S of an abelian group G, the following conditions are equivalent: (i) |{ns:s\in S}|\ge τfor all integers n\ge 1; (ii) there exists a group homomorphism π:G\to T^{2^τ} such that π(S) is dense in T^{2^τ}. Moreover, if |G|\le 2^{2^τ}, then the following item can be added to this list: (iii) there exists an isomorphism π:G\to G' between G and a subgroup G' of T^{2^τ} such that π(S) is dense in T^{2^τ}. We prove that the following conditions are equivalent for an uncountable subset S of an abelian group G that is either (almost) torsion-free or divisible: (a) S is T-dense in G for some Hausdorff group topology T on G; (b) S is T-dense in some precompact Hausdorff group topology T on G; (c) |{ns:s\in S}|\ge \min{τ:|G|\le 2^{2^τ}} for every integer n\ge 1. This partially resolves a question of Markov going back to 1946.

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arXiv2009

NSS and TAP properties in topological groups close to being compact

We introduce a notion of productivity (summability) of sequences in a topological group G, parametrized by a given function f : N --> omega+1. The extreme case when f is the function taking constant value omega is closely related to the TAP property, the weaker version of the well-known property NSS. We prove that TAP property coincides with NSS in locally compact groups, omega-bounded abelian groups and countably compact minimal abelian groups. As an application of our results, we provide a negative answer to [13, Question 11.1].

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arXiv2009

Minimal pseudocompact group topologies on free abelian groups

A Hausdorff topological group G is minimal if every continuous isomorphism f: G --> H between G and a Hausdorff topological group H is open. Significantly strengthening a 1981 result of Stoyanov, we prove the following theorem: For every infinite minimal abelian group G there exists a sequence {σ_n : n\in N} of cardinals such that w(G) = sup {σ_n : n \in N} and sup {2^{σ_n} : n \in N} \leq |G| \leq 2^{w(G)}, where w(G) is the weight of G. If G is an infinite minimal abelian group, then either |G| = 2^σfor some cardinal σ, or w(G) = min {σ: |G| \leq 2^σ}; moreover, the equality |G| = 2^{w(G)} holds whenever cf (w(G)) > ω. For a cardinal κ, we denote by F_κthe free abelian group with κmany generators. If F_κadmits a pseudocompact group topology, then κ\geq c, where c is the cardinality of the continuum. We show that the existence of a minimal pseudocompact group topology on F_c is equivalent to the Lusin's Hypothesis 2^{ω_1} = c. For κ> c, we prove that F_κadmits a (zero-dimensional) minimal pseudocompact group topology if and only if F_κhas both a minimal group topology and a pseudocompact group topology. If κ> c, then F_κadmits a connected minimal pseudocompact group topology of weight σif and only if κ= 2^σ. Finally, we establish that no infinite torsion-free abelian group can be equipped with a locally connected minimal group topology.

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arXiv2009

Convergent sequences in minimal groups

A Hausdorff topological group G is minimal if every continuous isomorphism f : G --> H between G and a Hausdorff topological group H is open. Clearly, every compact Hausdorff group is minimal. It is well known that every infinite compact Hausdorff group contains a non-trivial convergent sequence. We extend this result to minimal abelian groups by proving that every infinite minimal abelian group contains a non-trivial convergent sequence. Furthermore, we show that "abelian" is essential and cannot be dropped. Indeed, for every uncountable regular cardinal kappa we construct a Hausdorff group topology T_kappa on the free group F(kappa) with kappa many generators having the following properties: (i) (F(kappa), T_kappa) is a minimal group; (ii) every subset of F(kappa) of size less than kappa is T_kappa-discrete (and thus also T_kappa-closed); (iii) there are no non-trivial proper T_kappa-closed normal subgroups of F(kappa). In particular, all compact subsets of (F(kappa), T_kappa) are finite, and every Hausdorff quotient group of (F(kappa), T_kappa) is minimal (that is, (F(kappa), T_kappa) is totally minimal).

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arXiv2008

Super-sequences in the arc component of a compact connected group

Let G be an abelian topological group. The symbol \hat{G} denotes the group of all continuous characters χ: G --> T endowed with the compact open topology. A subset E of G is said to be qc-dense in G provided that χ(E) \subseteq ϕ([-1/4,1/4]) holds only for the trivial character χ\in \hat{G}, where ϕ: R --> T = R/Z is the canonical homomorphism. A super-sequence is a non-empty compact Hausdorff space S with at most one non-isolated point (to which S converges). We prove that an infinite compact abelian group G is connected if and only if its arc component G_a contains a super-sequence converging to 0 that is qc-dense in G. This gives as a corollary a recent theorem of Aussenhofer: For a connected locally compact abelian group G, the restriction homomorphism r : \hat{G} --> \hat{G}_a defined by r(χ) = χ\restriction_{G_a} for χ\in \hat{G}, is a topological isomorphism. We also show that an infinite compact group G is connected if and only if its arc component G_a contains a super-sequence S converging to the identity e that generates a dense subgroup of G (equivalently, S \setminus {e} is an infinite suitable set for G in the sense of Hofmann and Morris).

math.GN↗

arXiv2008

Building suitable sets for locally compact groups by means of continuous selections

If a discrete subset S of a topological group G with the identity 1 generates a dense subgroup of G and S \cup {1} is closed in G, then S is called a suitable set for G. We apply Michael's selection theorem to offer a direct, self-contained, purely topological proof of the result of Hofmann and Morris on the existence of suitable sets in locally compact groups. Our approach uses only elementary facts from (topological) group theory.

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arXiv2008

Quasi-convex density and determining subgroups of compact abelian groups

For an abelian topological group G let G^* denote the dual group of all continuous characters endowed with the compact open topology. Given a closed subset X of an infinite compact abelian group G such that w(X) < w(G) and an open neighbourhood U of 0 in the circle group, we show that the set of all characters which send X into U has the same size as G^*. (Here, w(G) denotes the weight of G.) A subgroup D of G determines G if the restriction homomorphism G^* --> D^* is an isomorphism between G^* and D^*. We prove that w(G) = min {|D|: D is a subgroup of G that determines G} for every infinite compact abelian group G. In particular, an infinite compact abelian group determined by a countable subgroup is metrizable. This gives a negative answer to questions of Comfort, Hernandez, Macario, Raczkowski and Trigos-Arrieta. As an application, we furnish a short elementary proof of the result from [13] that a compact abelian group G is metrizable provided that every dense subgroup of G determines G.

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arXiv2007

Reflection principle characterizing groups in which unconditionally closed sets are algebraic

We give a necessary and sufficient condition, in terms of a certain reflection principle, for every unconditionally closed subset of a group G to be algebraic. As a corollary, we prove that this is always the case when G is a direct product of an Abelian group with a direct product (sometimes also called a direct sum) of a family of countable groups. This is the widest class of groups known to date where the answer to the 63 years old problem of Markov turns out to be positive. We also prove that whether every unconditionally closed subset of G is algebraic or not is completely determined by countable subgroups of G.

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