arXiv subjects

Dmitro J. Martynowych

Publications and source records attributed to Dmitro J. Martynowych.

3 recordsLinked to original sources

arXiv2024

Hardware Trojan Detection Potential and Limits with the Quantum Diamond Microscope

The Quantum Diamond Microscope (QDM) is an instrument with a demonstrated capability to image electrical current in integrated circuits (ICs), which shows promise for detection of hardware Trojans. The anomalous current activity caused by hardware Trojans manifests through a magnetic field side channel that can be imaged with the QDM, potentially allowing for detection and localization of the effects of tampering. This paper seeks to identify the capabilities of the QDM for hardware Trojan detection through the analysis of previous QDM work as well as QDM physical limits and potential Trojan behaviors. QDM metrics of interest are identified, such as spatial resolution, sensitivity, time-to-result, and field-of-view. Rare event detection on an FPGA is demonstrated with the QDM. The concept of operations is identified for QDM utilization at different steps of IC development, noting necessary considerations and limiting factors for use at different development stages. Finally, the effects of hardware Trojans on IC current activity are estimated and compared to QDM sensitivities to project QDM detection potential for ICs of varying process sizes.

physics.ins-det↗

arXiv2022

Vector Magnetic Current Imaging of an 8 nm Process Node Chip and 3D Current Distributions Using the Quantum Diamond Microscope

The adoption of 3D packaging technology necessitates the development of new approaches to failure electronic device analysis. To that end, our team is developing a tool called the quantum diamond microscope (QDM) that leverages an ensemble of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, achieving vector magnetic imaging with a wide field-of-view and high spatial resolution under ambient conditions. Here, we present the QDM measurement of 2D current distributions in an 8-nm flip chip IC and 3D current distributions in a multi-layer PCB. Magnetic field emanations from the C4 bumps in the flip chip dominate the QDM measurements, but these prove to be useful for image registration and can be subtracted to resolve adjacent current traces in the die at the micron scale. Vias in 3D ICs display only Bx and By magnetic fields due to their vertical orientation and are difficult to detect with magnetometers that only measure the Bz component (orthogonal to the IC surface). Using the multi-layer PCB, we show that the QDM's ability to simultaneously measure Bx, By, and Bz is advantageous for resolving magnetic fields from vias as current passes between layers. We also show how spacing between conducting layers is determined by magnetic field images and how it agrees with the design specifications of the PCB. In our initial efforts to provide further z-depth information for current sources in complex 3D circuits, we show how magnetic field images of individual layers can be subtracted from the magnetic field image of the total structure. This allows for isolation of signal layers and can be used to map embedded current paths via solution of the 2D magnetic inverse. In addition, the paper also discusses the use of neural networks to identify 2D current distributions and its potential for analyzing 3D structures.

physics.app-ph↗

arXiv2017

Development of Single-Shot Multi-Frame Imaging of Cylindrical Shock Waves in a Multi-Layered Assembly

We demonstrate single-shot multi-frame imaging of quasi-2D cylindrically converging shock waves as they propagate through a multi-layer target sample assembly. We visualize the shock with sequences of up to 16 images, using a Fabry-Perot cavity to generate a pulse train that can be used in various imaging configurations. We employ multi-frame shadowgraph and dark-field imaging to measure the amplitude and phase of the light transmitted through the shocked target. Single-shot multi-frame imaging tracks geometric distortion and additional features in our images that were not previously resolvable in this experimental geometry. Analysis of our images, in combination with simulations, shows that the additional image features are formed by a coupled wave structure resulting from interface effects in our targets. This technique presents a new capability for tabletop imaging of shock waves that can be easily extended to experiments at large-scale facilities.

physics.app-ph↗